Changes Facing Higher Education

1. Changes Facing Higher Education

2. Demographic and Generational Shifts

3. Demographic and Generational Shifts Demographic shifts will require all but the most selective colleges to address impediments to enrolling and graduating all populations. • “The number of high school graduates nationwide will continue to decline in public and private schools through 2030. • “Decline will be seen in all regions except the South and will affect the Midwest and Northeast, with their high concentrations of colleges, the most heavily. • “[White students] are expected to decrease by 14%. • “We will see an increase of 12% in minority, particularly Hispanic students, as well as African-American/Black students and students from low-income households.”Bob Hildreth, “U.S. Colleges Are Facing a Demographic and Existential Crisis,” HuffPost (July 5, 2017)

4. Demographic and Generational Shifts Gen Y and Gen Z are increasingly open to online education and digital certifications. Survey respondents, those interested in advanced learning in the business field, indicated a desire for convenience and a self-directed learning approach. Ernie Smith, “Business School Study Highlights Shifting Education Needs of Digital Generations,” Associations Now (March 6, 2018) Demand for adult learning opportunities accelerates. “Colleges and universities are trying to figure out how to tap into the market for second careers to bolster their revenue and perhaps build alumni loyalty…. By 2030, the number of Americans 65 and older will grow to 72 million, up from 40.2 million in 2010…. Three of every five working retirees said retirement was an opportunity to shift to a different line of work.” Kerry Hannon, “Over 50 and Back in College, Preparing for a New Career,” New York Times (April 3, 2015)

5. Demographic and Generational Shifts • Ohio Wesleyan responds to shifting demographics. • The small, private Midwest college has efforts underway to • offer new majors in high-demand fields; • add sports and a marching band; • put more money into financial aid; • streamline the process of transferring; • speed students to graduate degrees via contracts with other institutions; • expand internships and studyabroad; • freeze, lower, or slow tuition. • Jon Marcus, “College Enrollment Has Plummeted, and Private Universities Are Scrambling,” Hechinger Report (June 29, 2017) Facing population declines, Pennsylvania considers changes to higher ed system. A study was commissioned to identify options to improve the sustainability of the state higher education system, including consolidation, mergers, and other options to increase flexibility and responsiveness. Charles A. Goldman et al.,Promoting the Long-Term Sustainability and Viability of Universities in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education(2018)

6. Growing Concerns About Cost and Changing Perceptions About Value

7. Changing Perceptions of Cost and Value A four-year degree is still a gateway to increased wealth over time, but the picture isn’t completely rosy for graduates. $1.48 trillion U.S. Student Debt “Median net worth and income for degree-holding households haven’t reached their pre-recession peak. This is even as costs of attending college continue to rise.” Agnel Philip, “A Four-Year Degree Is Still a Gateway to Greater Wealth in U.S.,” Bloomberg Businessweek (October 9, 2017)

8. Changing Perceptions of Cost and Value Reasons for loss of faith differ along political lines. Growing disillusionment with higher ed “Thousands of institutions are seeking ways to adapt to a rapidly changing landscape that has been destabilized by skeptics, an impatient work force and a fierce conservative populist streak. "For colleges, that means re-examining centuries worth of practice.” “Democrats cite college’s rising costs, while Republicans, 58 percent of whom said that college has had a negative impact on society, think colleges are too ‘ideological.’” Erica L. Green, “With Changing Students and Times, Colleges Are Going Back to School,” New York Times (April 5, 2018)

9. Changing Perceptions of Cost and Value Only half of student loan holders think their degree benefits outweigh costs. In 2017 Americans owed “more than two and a half times what they owed a decade earlier. “Only about half of student loan holders think the lifetime financial benefits of their bachelor’s degree outweigh the costs.” Anthony Cilluffo, “5 Facts About Student Loans,” Pew Research Center (August 24, 2017) Americans value degrees but are skeptical of cost. “Three-quarters of Americans think it’s easier to succeed in life with a college degree than without one, but only 43 percent say private, nonprofit universities and colleges are worth the cost…. “58% say colleges and universities put their own interests ahead of those of students.” Jon Marcus, “They Still Value a Degree, But Americans Increasingly Question the Cost,” Hechinger Report (May 11, 2017)

10. Changing Perceptions of Cost and Value Students want job skills, move away from humanities. “Already, demand from students for degrees they think are more closely connected to work has pushed down the number majoring in the humanities from a high of nearly one in five in the late 1960s to one in 20 [in 2017].” 85%Percent of freshman who said they are concerned about going to college to get a better job Jon Marcus, “Worker Shortage Spurs Uncharacteristic Partnerships Connecting Colleges, Business,” Hechinger Report (February 9, 2018)

11. Changing Perceptions of Cost and Value Students question value of “liberal arts.” In a survey of prospective students, “fewer than half (38%) think [liberal arts education] is the best kind of education for them.” Colleges are reconsidering marketing messaging around the notion of liberal arts. 54% Percent of prospective students who believe that a liberal arts education is available at almost every college or university Art&Science Group, LLC, “What’s in a Name? College-Bound Students Weigh In on the Liberal Arts” (September 2017)

12. Changing Perceptions of Cost and Value Policymakers emphasize vocational education and apprenticeships over traditional college pathways. Education Secretary Betsy DeVos’s comments signal “a shift in emphasis from education to training…. “Some community college officials said they welcome the emphasis on work-force training…. But other leaders in the sector expressed concern that the secretary’s rhetoric ignores the extent to which most skills training is embedded into a broader general education context, at two-year and four-year colleges alike.” Andrew Kreighbaum, “Is Devos Devaluing Degrees?” Inside Higher Ed (November 28, 2017)

13. Changing Perceptions of Cost and Value More middle-class families are opting for community college. 69%The percentage of growth from 2010 to 2017 in the number of first-time students at Northern Virginia Community College whose family income was $60,000+ “Hundreds of two-year colleges are now magnets for well-off students, with many… having clocked notable increases…. “And this fall, Princeton will join a growing group of selective colleges that are focusing more on transfer students. The initiative is directed at attracting more low-income students, but middle-class ones are also likely to see benefits.” Kyle Spencer, “Middle-Class Families Increasingly Look to Community Colleges,” New York Times (April 5, 2018)

14. Changing Perceptions of Cost and Value Political momentum builds to make universities/colleges have more “skin in the game.” Proposals include having institutions take an equity stake in loans that students borrow or pay a fee for each student who defaults. Traditional and nontraditional schools offer job “guarantees.” • Adrian College pledges to help repay graduates’ loans until they land a well-paying job. • Davenport University provides additional education for free to any graduate who meets a list of requirements but doesn’t have a job in six months. • Flatiron, a coding school, and Udacity, which offers online short-term technology courses, offer employment guarantees. Jon Marcus, “Colleges Are Pushed to Stand Behind What They Sell With Money-Back Guarantees,” Hechinger Report (January 19, 2017)

15. Changing Perceptions of Cost and Value Colleges work to remove obstacles to graduation. 40%Percent of college students who haven’t graduated within six years • Tennessee public colleges stopped requiring students with low math and English test scores to pass precollege remedial classes. Instead, students took intro classes with extra class time. • At University of Maine at Presque Isle, many students who faila course will get a “not proficient” (instead of an F) and sign a contract outlining work they must do so they won’t have to repeat the course. Erica L. Green, “With Changing Students and Times, Colleges Are Going Back to School,” New York Times (April 5, 2018)

16. Changing Perceptions of Cost and Value Northeastern University aims to “robot-proof” students for the modern workplace. President Joseph Aoun “calls this strategy humanics—a staple of Northeastern’s program that requires computer science majors to take theater classes. The idea is to give students the ability to solve the world’s most pressing problems in a way that robots cannot—with empathy.” Erica L. Green, “With Changing Students and Times, Colleges Are Going Back to School,” New York Times (April 5, 2018)

17. Challenges to the Business Model

18. Challenges to the Business Model Too many institutions chasing too few students While consumers grow more skeptical of cost, expenses continue to grow. • Enrollment is down. • 1.4% decline overall • 3% decline at four-year private institutions <10K students; 5% at small colleges <1K students • Tuition is a major source of revenue. • 56% of revenues at institutions with <5K enrollment • 42% of revenues at institutions with >5K enrollment “Meanwhile, colleges’ and universities’ expenses are getting even larger, thanks to looming pension liabilities, long-delayed building maintenance, and other financial commitments…. Probably the most important issue that all institutions face, large and small, is that they no longer can pass on their rising costs to the consumer.” Jon Marcus, “With Consumers Pushing Back Against Increased Tuition, Colleges Seek New Revenue,” Hechinger Report (October 13, 2017) EY-Parthenon,Strength in Numbers: Strategies for Collaborating in a New Era for Higher Education, 2018

19. Challenges to the Business Model Uncertainty of federal policies a contributing factor With expenses outpacing revenues, Moody’s downgraded higher ed’s outlook. “Cuts to federal financial aid programs or even funding growth that fails to keep up with inflation would exacerbate higher education’s problems… The GOP’s tax bills could hurt colleges’ private fund-raising, increase borrowing costs for private activity bonds and depress graduate student enrollment. And federal immigration policies could decrease international student enrollment.” “Increases of tuition revenue, research funding and state contributions will remain subdued… and overall, the sector’s expenses will rise by 4 percent.” Paul Fain, “Moody’s Downgrades Higher Education’s Outlook,” Inside Higher Ed (Dec. 6. 2017)

20. Challenges to the Business Model Tuition dependence at small colleges More than half of small private colleges lost or failed to gain students in 2016. “Small colleges are often tuition dependent, meaning they face financial struggle when enrollment declines or even remains flat. Revenue softness leads to a reduced ability to invest in academic programs, student life and facilities… which in turn negatively affects colleges’ ability to meet the desires of prospective students…. And softer demand means that struggling colleges either lose students to other institutions or aren’t able to charge enough tuition to fully cover expenses.” Kellie Woodhouse, “Closures to Triple,” Inside Higher Ed (September 28, 2015)

21. Challenges to the Business Model Tuition discounting reaches all-time high. 49.9%Discount rate for first-time, full-time students in 2017-2018 88.7% Percent of freshmen who received grant aid, covering more than half of tuition and fees, on average NACUBO, “Average Freshman Tuition Discount Rate Nears 50 Percent” (April 30, 2018) “Colleges feel pressure to increase the tuition discount in part because student demands are changing. Ever since the financial crisis of 2008, students have a heightened awareness of the price of college and are looking for as much aid as they can get.” Kellie Woodhouse, “Closures to Triple,” Inside Higher Ed (September 28, 2015)

22. Challenges to the Business Model Recent closures suggest a trend of private college consolidation. “Institutions feeling particular pressure are small colleges, those in the Midwest and Roman Catholic institutions located away from Catholic population centers.” Rick Seltzer, “Days of Reckoning,” Inside Higher Ed (November 13, 2017) 1 in 8 Institutions that had serious internal discussions about merging in the last year. 2017 Inside Higher Ed Survey of College and University Business Officers 32 The number by which nonprofit colleges have dropped in the last two academic years National Center for Education Statistics

23. Challenges to the Business Model Grad schools and international students become “cash cows.” “Private universities and colleges are relying on the money they take in from their graduate offerings to stabilize increasingly wobbly budgets, and public institutions to make up for state cuts and undergraduate tuition freezes…. As employers increasingly require them, the number of master’s degrees conferred per year more than tripled from 1970 to 2015.” Average graduate and professional tuition doubled between 1988 and 2010. Jon Marcus, “In Demand Graduate Programs Became a Cash Cow for Colleges in Financial Distress,”Hechinger Report (September 19, 2017) 7%Average decline in new international students in fall 2017;declines reported for all but the most selective universitiesOpen Doors 2017

24. Challenges to the Business Model New revenue sources “Colleges and universities are hunting for new money-making ventures, from farm stores to campus summer camps to licensing deals on everything from T-shirts to… caskets and urns. One startup is selling unfilled seats in courses to non-students…. Another proposes to be a sort of Airbnb for athletic facilities.” Banding together to survive Regionally, colleges are partnering on libraries, cross-registration, career fairs, insurance plans, digital procurement systems, security, sports, and the arts. Nationally they collaborate on financing, marketing, and legal services. Timothy Pratt, “Colleges and Universities Join Together to Survive Enrollment and Financial Problems,” Hechinger Report (October 13, 2017) Jon Marcus, “With Consumers Pushing Back Against Increased Tuition, Colleges Seek New Revenue,” Hechinger Report (Oct. 13, 2017)

25. Challenges to the Business Model To stay open, Sweet Briar changes curriculum, pricing. Changes “abolish traditional academic departments [and] align professors in three groups [engineering/science /technology; environment/sustainability; and creativity/the arts]…. The college will ‘reset’ its prices by moving away from a steep sticker price and high discounts.” Tuition will be set at about the level of Virginia in-state tuition. Call for collaboration in a “new era” in higher ed This newera marked by diminished government spending, lagging family incomes, and increased accountability around outcomes “demands a significant shift in strategy for institutions around the idea of collaboration and the development of much deeper partnerships than higher education has ever seen before.” Lawrence Biemiller, “After All But Closing, Sweet Briar Will Shift Curriculum and Pricing,” Chronicle of Higher Education (Sept. 6, 2017) EY-Parthenon, Strength in Numbers: Strategies for Collaborating in a New Era for Higher Education

26. Changing Industry Needs

27. Changing Industry Needs Universal push for 4-year degree results in unfilled jobs. 1/3Construction and health/personal care will account for one-third of all new jobs through 2022. 68% Percent more job openings in infrastructure-related fields in the next 5 years than people training to fill them “[So] effectively have high school graduates been encouraged to get [bachelor’s degrees] that high-paid jobs requiring shorter and less expensive training are going unfilled. This not only affects them, but has become a growing threat to the economy. “A shortage of workers is pushing wages higher in the skilled trades, the financial return from a bachelor’s degree is softening, even as the price… keeps going up.” Jon Marcus, “High-Paying Jobs Go Begging While High School Grads Line Up for Bachelor’s Degrees,” Hechinger Report (April 23, 2018)

28. Changing Industry Needs 96% Percent of higher ed CAOs who say they’re effectively preparing students for work 11% Percent of business leaders who strongly agree Employers aren’t finding graduates well trained. The Manpower Group reports that 40 percent of employers are having trouble finding workers with the skills they need. 28,000Number of computer-science graduates (bachelor’s and master’s) per year 1.8millionNumber of new tech jobs that will be created from 2014 to 2024 Jon Marcus, “Impatient With Universities’ Slow Pace of Change, Employers Go Around Them,” Hechinger Report (December 18, 2017)

29. Changing Industry Needs A faculty removed from industry and a focus on research can be hurdles to innovation. Michael Horn says, “Creating short programs that are aligned to industry credentials and needs is complicated and difficult to accomplish with a faculty that may be removed from those industries…. “There are some places that incentivize great teaching and the alignment of teaching to what students will need when they leave…. But a lot of institutions focus on the research and not the use of technology in teaching.” Adam Stone, “Mr. Disruption: Innovating Beyond K-12,” Higher Ed Tech News (March 27, 2018)

30. Changing Industry Needs Georgia Tech offers IT program online at 1/6 of the cost, increasing attainment and outcomes. ASU & Mayo Clinic medical school focus on “health care delivery for the 21st Century.” Graduates will receive a medical degree from Mayo Clinic and a certificate in the science of health care delivery, jointly conferred. Georgia Tech partnered with MOOC provider Udacity and AT&T. “[The] enrollment has grown from 380 students to 6,365 in three years—making it the largest master’s degree program in computer science in the U.S. … Students admitted to the online program typically had slightly lower academic credentials than those admitted to the in-person program, but they performed slightly better.” “Mayo, ASU Alliance Seeks To Transform Health Care,” Arizona State University (Oct. 21, 2016) Lindsay McKenzie, “Online, Cheap—and Elite,” Inside Higher Ed (March 20, 2018)

31. Alternative Education Models

32. Alternative Education Models The evolution of MOOCs: informing, rather than disrupting, education “MOOCs are allowing universities to reach new learners and … having an impact on classroom learning…. In 2017, 78 million students took 9,400 MOOCs from over 800 universities worldwide…. While new users declined somewhat—20 million [vs.] 23 million in 2016—more people paid for courses [i.e., for certification or credit].” Diane Peters, “MOOCs Are Not Dead, But Evolving,” University Affairs (Feb. 22, 2018) Technology enables new education providers. “Higher education is facing significant financial and other pressures, and digital technology is enabling an alternative set of providers of postsecondary credentials … [which] ‘let the students learn when they’re ready and how they want to learn, not when and how we’re ready to teach them,’” according to Clayton Christensen.  Doug Lederman, “Clay Christensen, Doubling Down,” Inside Higher Ed (April 28, 2017)

33. Alternative Education Models Coding “bootcamp” model is in flux but may have a lasting impact on higher ed. General Assembly, Dev Bootcamp, IronYard, and Flatiron are among coding bootcamps that “were supposed to be the next big thing in higher education, promising a compressed, career-focused alternative to traditional graduate school.” Many have recently closed or been acquired. “The lasting legacy of education bootcamps may end up being found on traditional campuses. Several colleges are trying the bootcamp approach, even in other fields like health care and political science. In fact, many upstart coding schools are now partnering with those old-fashioned campuses they were intent on replacing.” Jeffrey R. Young, “Coding Bootcamps Won’t Save Us All,” EdSurge (August 3, 2017)

34. Alternative Education Models WGU’s satisfaction rates Designed to serve rural areas and underserved populations, Western Governors University offers a flat fee structure (around $3,000 per 6-month term) and a competency-based model that lets students move at their own pace. Students have course and faculty mentors. Seventy-three percent of grads say their education was worth it, compared to 38% nationally. Diana Hembree, “Western Governors University: The Best-Kept Secret in Online Colleges,” Forbes (August 10, 2017) The lesson of MissionU MissionU was a one-year program where “tuition” (a percentage of earning) would be paid when the student got a job paying $50K+. “The fact that MissionU could not make its business work [does not mean] that … higher education does not need to change…. Traditional schools need to figure out how to offer [a] degree that provides value above and beyond what can be gained from a nontraditional (micro) credential.” Joshua Kim, “Lessons for Higher Ed From the Demise of MissionU,” Inside Higher Ed (5/23/18)

35. Alternative Education Models Apple provides technology and training at Ohio State. Ohio State will integrate Apple technology into all its teaching and learning experiences as part of an institution-wide initiative. Apple will provide iPads at a discount, and an Apple-designed iOS laboratory to teach Apple’s programming curriculum. Purdue University acquires Kaplan and 32,000 online students. The move reinforces the importance of online higher education. Supporters say it will allow Purdue to expand access, especially to adult students. But some are concerned about the impact on the university’s brand and public image. Paul Fain and Rick Seltzer, “Purdue’s Bold Move,” Inside Higher Ed (April 28, 2017) Lindsay McKenzie, “A Higher Ed Strategy From Apple?” Inside Higher Ed (October 6, 2017)

36. Other Trends

37. Changing Admission Strategies • Leading educators are beginning to rely more on character attributes in admission. • “The test-optional movement… now has more than 950 participating colleges.  • “The Common Application… has incorporated non-cognitive attributes. • “The ‘Turning the Tide’ project [aims] to elevate service and caring in secondary education and in college admission. • “The Institute on Character and Admission includes admission deans from the nation’s most selective colleges…. • “The College Board, ACT, and the [ETS] are … studying how to understand and assess the non-cognitive domain.” • David Holmes, “How an Entrenched College Admission System Is Evolving to Consider Character,” NAIS Independent Ideas Blog (May 8, 2017)

38. Role in Controversies and National Movements Student safety concerns Violent activism and balancing free speech and safety With the most notable example being the August 2017 violence at The University of Virginia, “campuses are wrestling with how to balance deeply held views about the importance of free expression with the need to keep their communities safe from … harm.” With a rise in widely publicized incidents, colleges can expect more parental and legislative expectations for student safety, including in athletics and Greek life. Lisa M. Rudgers and Julie A. Peterson, “Saddle Up: 7 Trends Coming Up in 2018,” Inside Higher Ed (January 2, 2018)

39. Role in Controversies and National Movements #MeToo movement in the academy 1/2 Half of women in science have experienced harassment, according to a recent study of higher ed. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, “Sexual Harassment in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,” 2018 “Those who have experienced sexual assault and sexual harassment are fed up. The wave of reports and takedowns of powerful leaders—including some well-respected faculty members—has been breathtaking.” Colleges can expect more complaints of harassment going back years, especially among vulnerable populations. Lisa M. Rudgers and Julie A. Peterson, “Saddle Up: 7 Trends Coming Up in 2018,” Inside Higher Ed (Jan. 2, 2018)

40. Questions for Independent Schools

41. Questions for Schools • Questions for Independent Schools • Do you have a clear and focused mission under which all program offerings are aligned? • Are there ways to further strengthen your value proposition? • Are you considering market research to understand demographic shifts and what the market is buying? • Have you considered developing program offerings for alumni who want to develop new or enhanced skills? • Have you evaluated your school’s long-term sustainability risk? • Have you brainstormed ways to reduce your school’s reliance on tuition? • Are partnerships a possibility at your school to reduce expenses, increase efficiencies, or enhance your offerings? • How can your school best prepare students to succeed in today’s college environment? • How can your school prepare students for skills needed in the modern economy? • Do you regularly review policies and practices that ensure safety and protection for students and staff and faculty?

42. References • Bob Hildreth, “U.S. Colleges Are Facing a Demographic and Existential Crisis,” HuffPost • Kerry Hannon, “Over 50 and Back in College, Preparing for a New Career,” New York Times • Ernie Smith, “Business School Study Highlights Shifting Education Needs,” AssociationsNow • Charles A. Goldman et al., Promoting the Long-Term Sustainability and Viability of Universities in the • Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education • Jon Marcus, “College Enrollment Has Plummeted, and Private Universities Are Scrambling,” Hechinger Report • Agnel Philip, “A Four-Year Degree Is Still a Gateway to Greater Wealth in U.S.,” Bloomberg Businessweek • Erica L. Green, “With Changing Students and Times, Colleges Are Going Back to School,” New York Times • Jon Marcus, “They Still Value a Degree, But Americans Increasingly Question the Cost,” Hechinger Report • Anthony Cilluffo, “5 Facts About Student Loans,” Pew Research Center • Jon Marcus, “Worker Shortage Spurs Uncharacteristic Partnerships,” Hechinger Report • Art&Science Group, LLC, “What’s in a Name? College-Bound Students Weigh In on the Liberal Arts” • Andrew Kreighbaum, “Is Devos Devaluing Degrees?” Inside Higher Ed • Kyle Spencer, “Middle-Class Families Increasingly Look to Community Colleges,” New York Times • Jon Marcus, “Colleges Are Pushed to Stand Behind What They Sell,” Hechinger Report • Jon Marcus “With Consumers Pushing Back Against Increased Tuition, Colleges Seek New Revenue,” Hechinger • EY-Parthenon, Strength in Numbers, Strategies for Collaborating in a New Era for Higher Education • Paul Fain, “Moody’s Downgrades Higher Education’s Outlook,” Inside Higher Ed • Kellie Woodhouse, “Closures to Triple,” Inside Higher Ed • NACUBO, “Average Freshman Tuition Discount Rate Nears 50 Percent” • Rick Seltzer, “Days of Reckoning,” Inside Higher Ed • Jon Marcus, “In Demand Graduate Programs Became a Cash Cow for Colleges in Financial Distress,” Hechinger

43. References • Timothy Pratt, “Colleges and Universities Join Together to Survive Enrollment and Financial Problems,” • Hechinger Report • Lawrence Biemiller, “After All But Closing, Sweet Briar Will Shift Curriculum and Pricing, Chronicle of Higher Education • Jon Marcus, “High-Paying Jobs Go Begging While High School Grads Line Up for Bachelor’s Degrees,” Hechinger • Jon Marcus, “Impatient With Universities’ Slow Pace of Change, Employers Go Around Them,” Hechinger Report • Adam Stone, “Mr. Disruption: Innovating Beyond K-12,” Higher Ed Tech News • “Mayo, ASU Alliance Seeks to Transform Health Care,” Arizona State University • Lindsay McKenzie, “Online, Cheap—and Elite,” Inside Higher Ed • Doug Lederman, “Clay Christensen, Doubling Down,” Inside Higher Ed • Diane Peters, “MOOCs Are Not Dead, But Evolving,” University Affairs • Jeffrey R. Young, “Coding Bootcamps Won’t Save Us All,” EdSurge • Joshua Kim, “Lessons for Higher Ed From the Demise of MissionU,” Inside Higher Ed • Diana Hembree, “Western Governors University: The Best-Kept Secret in Online Colleges,” Forbes • Paul Fain and Rick Seltzer, “Purdue’s Bold Move,” Inside Higher Ed • Lindsay McKenzie, “A Higher Ed Strategy From Apple?” Inside Higher Ed • David Holmes, “How an Entrenched College Admission System Is Evolving to Consider Character,” NAIS Independent Ideas Blog • Lisa M. Rudgers and Julie A. Peterson, “Saddle Up: 7 Trends Coming Up in 2018,” Inside Higher Ed • National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, “Sexual Harassment in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine” • Data sources: National Center for Education Statistics, Open Doors 2017, Inside Higher Ed Survey