Measuring Women in Poverty and Women’s Economic Contribution – The Philippine Experience

1. Measuring Women in Poverty and Women’s Economic Contribution – The Philippine Experience National Statistical Coordination Board Presented by Jessamyn O. Encarnacion Global Forum on Gender Statistics Rome, Italy 10-12 December 2007

2. Outline of Presentation • Introduction • Women in Poverty • Women’s Contribution to the Economy • Concluding Remarks

3. I. Introduction • From 2000 to 2003, women accounted for the second largest number of poor population (after the children) • Gender differential still remains as an issue in economic participation • Economic participation - 80% for men versus 50% for women in 2006 • Employment rate - 74% for men versus 46% for women in 2005 • Poses a challenge to the country in achieving Goal 3 of the MDGs!

4. I. Introduction About the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) • The Philippine Statistical System is a decentralized statistical system • Many agencies of government generate statistics • NSO • Bureau of Agricultural Statistics • Bureau of Labor & Employment Statistics • BSP • DENR, DOT, DepED, CHED, DOH, DOST, etc. • Need for coordinating agency

5. I. Introduction About the NSCB Executive Order 121, Series of 1987 Reorganizing thePhilippine Statistical Systemand for Other Purposes • Issued on January 30, 1987 • Created the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) as the highest policy-making and coordinating body on statistical matters in the country

6. I. Introduction About the NSCB Our Products • Compiles the National Accounts of the Philippines • Estimates GDP, GNP • Generates Official Poverty Statistics • Poverty Threshold • Poverty Incidence • Philippine Statistical Yearbook • Leading economic index, foreign direct investments, etc. • Satellite accounts for tourism, health, education • Other economic and social statistics

7. I. Introduction About the NSCB Our Services • Coordination services • Inter-agency concerns • Survey review system • Designation of statistics • Subnational statistical system • Online statistical service • Technical services (including data requests and advocacy for statistical awareness) • Administers the NATIONAL STATISTICAL INFORMATION CENTER • http://www.nscb.gov.ph

8. I. Introduction Coordination mechanisms  Serves as the Secretariat to the Interagency Committee (IAC) on Gender Statistics, which serves as a strategic mechanism to sustain the efforts and initiatives in the generation and improvement of gender statistics and institutionalize the implementation of the Gender and Development Framework

9. II. Women in Poverty Official Poverty Statistics • Starting 1985, Philippines’ official poverty estimates are regularly compiled by the NSCB (i.e., every three years) • Family Income and Expenditures Survey (FIES) is the main source of data on income and expenditure, conducted by the NSO every three years • These are disaggregated by geographical location: • - National • - Regional • - Provincial • Still, one of the demands is poverty statistics at lower levels and sectoral disaggregation

10. II. Women in Poverty • Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act (RA 8425) • Defined poverty in the Philippines • Also declared that the State should adopt an area-based sectoral and focused intervention to poverty alleviation • Defined the basic sectors as the disadvantaged sectors of Philippine society

11. II. Women in Poverty 14 Basic Sectors • Farmer-peasant • Artisanal fisherfolk • Workers in the formal sector and migrant workers • WOMEN • Senior citizens • Youth and students • Children • Urban poor • Workers in the informal sectors • Indigenous peoples and cultural communities • Differently-abled persons • Victims of calamities and disasters • Cooperatives • Non-government organizations

12. II. Women in Poverty Poverty statistics for the basic sectors • Hence, in 2004, the NSCB embarked on the “Development of Poverty Statistics for the Basic Sectors Project”, funded by the UNDP, whose aim was to generate poverty statistics across all the basic sectors for the year 2000 • In line with the NSCB’s thrust of institutionalizing project outputs and activities, the NSCB Board, per Resolution No. 11, Series of 2007, approved the “Methodology for the Generation of Poverty Statistics for the Basic Sectors” • Official poverty statistics on basic sectors cover 2000 and 2003

13. II. Women in Poverty Data sources • 2000 and 2003 Family Income and Expenditures Survey (FIES) • 4th quarter 2000 and 2003 round of the Labor Force Survey (LFS) undertaken in January 2004 • 2000 Census of Population and Housing (CPH) • 2000 and 2003 Philippine Poverty Statistics

14. II. Women in Poverty

15. II. Women in Poverty • Both FIES and LFS follow the Integrated Survey of Households (ISH) sampling scheme, making the estimation of poverty incidence straightforward. For example, the poverty incidence for women is: Number of poor women Poverty incidence women = ---------------------------------- Total number of women

16. II. Women in Poverty Poverty incidence among the eight sectors Poverty Incidence among the Population (Phils. 2003) – 30.0 Highlights: • The poverty incidence for all sectors decreased from 2000 to 2003. The Women Sector exhibited a decrease of 3.3 percentage points over the 3-year period. • In terms of magnitude of poor population, the Children, Women and Urban Sectors are the largest.

17. II. Women in Poverty • Summary of findings 1 / Excludes NCR in 2000 due to high CV (with CV > 50 percent) 2/ Excludes CAR in 2000 due to high CV (with CV > 50 percent)

18. III. Women’s Economic Contribution • Observed gender inequality in economic participation • Hence, men have greater economic “visibility” and higher contribution to the economy, more participation in making economic decisions, and more likely to have access to credit • Economic undercount of women thus puts them in a situation that can perpetuate, if not outright worsen the inequity between men and women • Need for information on women’s and men’s contribution to the economy • To adequately measure women’s contribution in society: • - means expanding the definition of the SNA production boundary to include non-market services

19. III. Women’s Economic Contribution • Efforts on the generation of satellite accounts: • a. “Measuring The Contribution of Women To The • Philippine Economy” by Romulo A. Virola and Sylvia M. de Perio (1998) • b. “ Women’s Contribution To The Economy” by Romulo • A. Virola (1999) • c. “Do Women Contribute Less Than Men to Nation Building” by Romulo A. Virola, Jessamyn O. Encarnacion, Armyl G. Zaguirre, Raymond S. Perez (2007)

20. III. Women’s Economic Contribution • Taking off from the methodology used by Virola and de Perio in 1998 • Using updated parameters from the results of the 2000 TUS. a/ Used in the 1998 study of Virola and de Perio b/ Used in this study c/ Details of the “original” were: 1) rescaled to add up to 24 hours (1 day); and 2) weighted using urban (for Quezon City) and rural (for Batangas) population as weights.

21. III. Women’s Economic Contribution • GDP by Sex • a. Using Total Employment (from LFS) • b. Using Total Hours Worked (from LFS) • - Data from the LFS was used as weights • - Used hours – deemed to be more reflective of the “quantity” of participation of women or men in the labor force

22. III. Women’s Economic Contribution • NFIA by sex • a. Net Compensation • - remittances by sex in the Survey of Overseas Filipinos (SOF) was used as weights • b. Net Property Income • - allocated equally to men and women due to unavailability of an allocation basis • GNP by sex • - simply the sum of GDP and NFIA by sex

23. III. Women’s Economic Contribution • Multiplied by the total number of employed, unemployed and those outside the labor force from the LFS

24. III. Women’s Economic Contribution Methods Used in Valuation of Unpaid Work

25. III. Women’s Economic Contribution • Unpaid household and community services by sex was estimated using the same procedures except total time spent in community services was included • Direct estimation of unpaid household was used in computing for the self-valuation results

26. III. Women’s Economic Contribution • Unpaid work adds 66.2 percent to GDP!

27. III. Women’s Economic Contribution • Women’s share to GDP increased by 8 percentage points!

28. III. Women’s Economic Contribution • Women account for 59.6 percent of the total hours of unpaid work!

29. III. Women’s Economic Contribution • Women not in the labor force account for more than half of the total value of unpaid work of women!

30. III. Women’s Economic Contribution • Other findings of the study: • Women accounted for only 27.4 percent of the total Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA) • Women contributed 46.2 percent of the adjusted Gross National Product (GNP) from 38.0 percent when unpaid work was not included

31. III. Women’s Economic Contribution Other NSCB Initiatives • Core GAD Indicators Data Framework • Philippine Statistical Handbook on Women and Men • Coordination of statistical activities concerning the gender sector thru the Interagency Committee on Gender Statistics • Philippine Gross National Happiness Index by sex

32. Digression III. Women’s Economic Contribution Community participation & volunteer work Conceptual Framework Religion and spiritual work Cultural activities Sex life HI1 Education Technological know-how HI2 Family Work Friends Philippine Happiness Index Economy Health Environment Income and financial security Government HI n Leisure and sports Politics Note: From 14 (during the pilot) to 17 domains Others Love life

33. III. Women’s Economic Contribution ·BOTH MEN AND WOMEN FIND FAMILY AND FRIENDS AS MOST IMPORTANT DOMAINS AND SOURCES OF HAPPINESS, ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMY, GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS AS THE LEAST! WOMEN FIND LOVE IMPORTANT BUT NOT SEX WHILE MEN FIND BOTH LOVE AND SEX IMPORTANT – THERE IS A MISMATCH! WOMEN ARE HAPPIER WITH SEX THAN MEN! BASED ON A SINGLE QUESTION, WOMEN ARE HAPPIER THAN MEN! BUT DERIVING INDEX FROM ALL DOMAINS OF HAPPINESS, MEN ARE JUST AS HAPPY AS WOMEN!

34. III. Women’s Economic Contribution Other Efforts of the Philippine Statistical System • National Demographic and Health Survey • Maternal and Child Health Survey • Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Survey

35. IV. Concluding Remarks On measuring women in poverty The poorest sectors could be identified using the combined FIES-LFS data with some degree of reliability. Knowing which basic sectors were the poorest would help in designing appropriate poverty alleviation programs. More comprehensive poverty alleviation programs could be designed if estimates for the other sectors could be generated as well.

36. IV. Concluding Remarks On measuring the contribution of women • Methodology needs improvement • Data limitations of the Philippine Statistical System • 3. Financial and manpower constraints of the NSCB • 4. Reports appear to be comparable to other countries • Better appreciation from international community will benefit the efforts to value unpaid work in the SNA

37. IV. Concluding Remarks • 6. Users should recognize the benefits from the generation of statistics and it will be helpful if they are able to demonstrate actual policy uses of statistics. • Need for statistical capacity building of the producers, users and the providers of statistics. • The Government thru the Department of Budget and Management and Congress should realize that statistics will play a the critical role in the global competition among knowledge-based economies in the Third Millennium.

38. Thank you! visit: www. nscb.gov.ph email: jo.encarnacion@nscb.gov.ph info@nscb.gov.ph