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Limb Anatomy

Limb Anatomy. Azami PHD. Definitions. Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open” Study of the structure of the body, either regionally or systematically Physiology – branch of biological science dealing with the function of organs and organ systems. History of Anatomy .

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Limb Anatomy

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  1. Limb Anatomy • Azami PHD

  2. Definitions • Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open” • Study of the structure of the body, either regionally or systematically • Physiology – branch of biological science dealing with the function of organs and organ systems

  3. History of Anatomy • Probably began with early examinations of sacrifice victims. • First documented by Egyptians ~1600 BC • Egyptian anatomical papyrus showed organs (including blood vessels)

  4. Hippocrates (~370 BC) • Greek physician who studied anatomy • “Father of Anatomy” • Hippocratic oath taken by doctors at graduation

  5. Galen • 2nd Century AD • Compiled anatomical studies of earlier writers • Also performed vivisection on animals

  6. Medicine during Medieval Times (5th -15th ) • When Rome fell, little was done to advance the studies. • Cadavers were no longer used • Avicenna (ابن سینا یا پورسینا)

  7. 16th Century Contributions • Began to compile extensive drawings of dissections of executed cadavers

  8. 17th and 18th centuries • Few dissections were allowed • Only certain scientists were allowed to perform them • Doctors literally traveled from dissection to dissection

  9. 19th Century • Began studying developmental anatomy • England became the center of anatomical research • Anatomy Act of 1832 provided adequate supply of corpses • Gray’s Anatomy first published 1858 (for traveling doctors)

  10. Modern Anatomy • CAT scans, X-rays, Genetic tests, MRI

  11. Anatomy definition • A branch of morphology which deals with the structure of organisms. • Study of the structures of the body and their relationship to one another. • This is generally divided into: • Gross anatomy (that which can be seen with the naked eye) • Histology (miscroscopic anatomy & internal structure of cells) • Embryology (the developing organism within the uterus)

  12. Gross Anatomy • Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by organ system • Regional– all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) • Surface– study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

  13. Organ systems - 1 • Integument (skin) • Skeleton • Muscles • Nervous system • Central (brain and spinal cord) • Peripheral (the peripheral nerves) • Endocrine (glands)

  14. Organ systems - 2 • Cardiovascular (heart, arteries and veins) • Lymphatic (lymph vessels and nodes) • Respiratory • Digestive • Urinary • Reproductive (male/female)

  15. Anatomical terminology • This generally relates to: • Names of the organ systems or regions • Names of body organs or their parts • Anatomical planes • Anatomical locations

  16. Anatomical planes

  17. Anatomical Planes • Saggital – divides the body into right and left parts • Coronal or frontal– divides the body into anterior and posterior parts • Horizontal or transverse (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferiorparts

  18. Anatomical planes - 1 • Median or mid-saggitalplane • Passing from front to back in the long axis of the body IN the midline.

  19. Anatomical planes - 2 • Saggital:Saggital – divides the body into right and left parts

  20. Saggital plane

  21. Anatomical planes - 3 • Coronal or frontal:divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

  22. Coronal Plane

  23. Anatomical planes - 4 • Horizontal or transverse (cross section) :divides the body into superior and inferior parts

  24. Horizontal Plane

  25. Body Planes 1 2 3

  26. Anatomical positions - 1 • 1. Cranial toward the head • 2. Caudal - toward the feet • 3. Medial - toward the middle • 4. Lateral - toward/from the side • 5. Proximal - toward the attachment of a limb • 6. Distal - toward the finger/toes • 7. Superior - above • 8. Inferior - below

  27. Anatomical positions - 2

  28. Anatomical movements - 1 • 1. External rotation • 2. Internal rotation • 3. Supination • 4. Pronation • 5. Eversion • 6. Inversion • 7. Adduction • 8. Abduction

  29. Anatomical movements - 2Flexion/Extension

  30. Other anatomical terms • Volar(relating to the palm of hand) • Plantar (the sole of the foot) • Superficial (towards the surface) • Deep (towards the centre)

  31. Movements Flexion • Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones Extension • Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones Hyperextension • Excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position.

  32. Movements

  33. Movements Adduction • Moving a body part towards the midline of the body Abduction • Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

  34. Movements Prone • Lying face down Pronation Supine • Lying face upSupination

  35. Movements Retraction • Moving a part backward Protraction • Moving a part forward

  36. Movements Rotation • Turning on a single axis Circumduction • Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder Internal rotation • Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline External rotation • Rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline

  37. Movements Lateral Flexion • Side-bending left or right

  38. Visualising Anatoomy • Cadaver • Atlas • Models • Plastination • 3D Model

  39. Visualising the living subject • There are a number of ways of visualising the anatomy of a living subject: • Surface anatomy • Medical imaging • Using scopes • Surgery

  40. Radiological terminology -1 • Imaging techniques: • X-ray • computed axial tomography (CAT) CT scan • Ultrasound scans (Sonography) • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

  41. Radiological terminology - 2 • X-rays depend on the difference in absorption of x-rays by various tissues. • Radiopaque means a lot of x-ray energy is absorbed (causing the fils to be WHITE) Like: bone, teeth, metal implants • Radiolucent means little energy is absorbed (causing the film to be BLACK)Like: air, fat

  42. Radiological terminology - 3 • Plain film • X-ray without the use of artificial contrast. • Contrast film • X-ray where radiopaque contrast has been introduced into a cavity, space or vessel. • Examples: • Angiogram (x-ray of arteries, e.g. of the heart) • Venogram (x-ray of veins, e.g. of the legs) • Barium meal (x-ray of the upper digestive tract) • Myelogram (x-ray of the spinal cord and spinal nerves)

  43. QUIZ

  44. Range of Motion • Hip __________________________ • Hip __________________________ • Hip __________________________ Knee ________________________ Ankle ________________________ • Wrist _________________________ (a) __________________________ (b) __________________________ • Hip __________________________ Knee ________________________ Ankle ________________________ • Forearm (a) ___________________ Forearm (b) ___________________ • Shoulder ______________________ • Shoulder ______________________ • Jaw __________________________ • Shoulder ______________________ • Hip _Abduction_________________ • Hip _Adduction_________________ • Hip _Flexion___________________ Knee _Extension________________ • Wrist _Extension________________ (a) _Hyperextension_____________ (b) _Flexion____________________ • Hip _Flexion___________________ Knee _Flexion__________________ Ankle ______________ • Forearm (a) _Supination__________ Forearm (b) _Pronation__________ • Shoulder _Circumduction_________ • Shoulder _Elevation_____________ • Jaw _Protraction________________ • Shoulder _Rotation______________

  45. End

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