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Polynomials

Learn the basics of polynomials, operations with them, and how to determine degree, perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Discover the Factor Theorem and the Remainder Theorem to solve polynomial problems effectively.

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Polynomials

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  1. Polynomials

  2. Polynomial functions: • f(x) = 4x3 + 8x2 + 2x + 3, g(x) = 2.5x5 + 5.2x2 + 7, h(x) = 3x2 • Polynomial functions are functions that have this form: • f(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + ... + a1x + a0, an • The value of n must be an nonnegative integer (0, 1, 2, ….) • The coefficients of each term, an, an-1, ..., a1, a0 are real numbers. • The degree of the polynomial function is the highest value forn.

  3. Determine the degree of the following polynomials: (a) (b) (c) Determine whether the functions below are polynomials: (a) (b) (c) (d)

  4. Operations with polynomials: • Addition • Example: 1.(2x + 5y) + (3x – 2y) =  2x + 5y + 3x – 2y=  2x + 3x + 5y – 2y=  5x + 3y 2. (3x3 + 3x2 – 4x + 5) + (x3 – 2x2 + x – 4)   =  3x3 + 3x2 – 4x + 5 + x3 – 2x2 + x – 4   =  3x3+ x3 + 3x2 – 2x2 – 4x + x + 5 – 4   =  4x3 + 1x2 – 3x + 1 ...or vertically:   

  5. Subtraction Simplify(x3 + 3x2 + 5x – 4) – (3x3 – 8x2 – 5x + 6) (x3 + 3x2 + 5x – 4) – (3x3 – 8x2 – 5x + 6)   =  (x3 + 3x2 + 5x – 4) – 1(3x3 – 8x2 – 5x + 6)   =  (x3 + 3x2 + 5x – 4) – 1(3x3) – 1 (–8x2) – 1(–5x) – 1(6)   =  x3 + 3x2 + 5x – 4 – 3x3 + 8x2 + 5x – 6   =  x3 – 3x3 + 3x2 + 8x2 + 5x + 5x – 4 – 6   =  –2x3 + 11x2 + 10x –10

  6. Multiplication (4x2– 4x– 7)(x + 3) = (4x2– 4x– 7)(x) + (4x2– 4x– 7)(3) = 4x2(x) – 4x(x) – 7(x) + 4x2(3) – 4x(3) – 7(3) = 4x3– 4x2– 7x + 12x2– 12x– 21 = 4x3– 4x2 + 12x2– 7x– 12x– 21 = 4x3 + 8x2– 19x– 21 or you may do it vertically:

  7. Division Case 1: To divide a polynomial by a monomial, we can divide each term by the monomial. Example: Simplify

  8. Division Case 2: To divide a polynomial by a more complicated polynomial, factor up to simplify if possible or if not, using the long division method Example: 1. Simplify

  9. Division • Case 3 : When a polynomial a(x), is divided by a non-constant divisor, b(x), the quotient q(x) and the remainder r(x) are defined by the identitiy • polynomial divisor quotient remainder • Degree of a(x) = degree of b(x) + degree of q(x) • Degree of r(x) must be less than the degree of b(x) Eg. Divide 3x3 – 5x2 + 10x – 3  by  3x + 1 3x3 – 5x2 + 10x – 3 =(3x+1)(x2 – 2x+4) – 7 degree 3 degree 1 degree 2 degree 0

  10. Long division method

  11. Please note that • the remainder is at least one degree less than the divisor • the sum of the degree of quotient and divisor is the degree of the polynomial quotient divisor remainder 3x3 – 5x2 + 10x – 3 =(3x+1)(x2 – 2x+4) – 7

  12. Synthetic Division • Most commonly used for linear divisor in the form of Eg. Divide by

  13. Activity • Work in groups of 3. Solve the following problems. • Time: 10 minutes • Simplify • Find • Use long division to find (i) (ii)

  14. Zeros and Factors of Polynomials Zero (or root) of a polynomial -solution to the equation. Find the zeros of the polynomials below: (a) (b) (c)

  15. Fundamental Theorem of Algebra If  is a polynomial of degree n then  will have exactly n zeroes, some of which may repeat. -a polynomial of degree 3 will have ____ zeroes/ roots -a polynomial of degree 6 will have ____ zeroes/ roots Eg.

  16. The Remainder Theorem (for linear divisor only) When a polynomial is divided by , the remainder is the constant . When a polynomial is divided by , the remainder is the constant .

  17. Example: Find the remainder of p(x) = x3 – 7x – 6 when it is divided by x- 4. Solution: The remainder is p(4) = 43 – 7(4) – 6 = 30.

  18. The Factor Theorem (for linear divisor only) For the polynomial , If  is a factor of   , then . If ,  then   will be a factor of . For the polynomial , If  is a factor of   , then . If ,  then   will be a factor of .

  19. The Factor Theorem Example: Find the value of a for which is a factor of ? Solution: Using the factor theorem,

  20. The Factor Theorem Find the factors of the following cubic polynomial. Solution: factors of 6: Working through these factors, eventually we find that

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