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Rising Threats: World War II and Totalitarian Regimes - Dictatorship, Nationalism, and Conflict

Explore how the aftermath of World War I fueled political turmoil in Europe, leading to the rise of dictators, such as Stalin, Mussolini, and Hitler, who imposed totalitarian rule. Learn about the factors that contributed to the onset of World War II, including economic depression and failed democracies, and delve into the atrocities of the Holocaust. Witness the ascendance of nationalism and fascism in Europe and Asia, culminating in the devastating global conflict of World War II.

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Rising Threats: World War II and Totalitarian Regimes - Dictatorship, Nationalism, and Conflict

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  1. World War Looms Germany invades neighboring countries and launches the Holocaust—the systematic killing of millions of Jews and other “non-Aryans.” The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor ushers the U.S. into World War II.

  2. World War Looms SECTION 1Dictators Threaten World Peace SECTION 2War in Europe SECTION 3The Holocaust SECTION 4America Moves Toward War

  3. The rise of rulers with total power in Europe and Asia lead to World War II. Section-1 1. How did the aftermath of World War I contribute to political problems in Europe?

  4. Dictators Threaten World Peace Section-1 Failures of the World War I Peace Settlement • _______________________causes anger, resentment in Europe • Germany resents blame for war, loss of colonies, border territories • Russia resents loss of lands used to create other nations Treaty of Versailles Continued…

  5. Section-1 World Wide Economic Depression • German reparations cause__________ – severe rise in prices in the ____________________– democratic government established in Germany after WWI unable to cope with problems inflation Weimar Republic Continued…

  6. Section-1 Failure of Democracies • New democracies flounder under social, economic problems • ____________________– democratic government established in Germany after WWI unable to cope with problems • Began to believe that democracy led to corruption and weakness. Weimar Republic Continued…

  7. Section-1 Rise of Nationalism • Many Europeans gave up individual liberties and turned to totalitarian leaders who promised order • Right wing dictators used propaganda to foster blind loyalty to the state • Russia, Italy, and Germany began expansionist policies Continued…

  8. How did he come to power? What did he do to consolidate his power? What did he do to his people?

  9. Democracy Totalitarianism Fascism/ Nazism (fascism + Racism) Communism Capitalism

  10. Joseph Stalin Believed • Communism • Create a sound communist state and wait for world revolution • Revolution and rule by the working class • State ownership of property U.S.S. R—The Soviet Union

  11. Section-1 The Soviet Union • 1922 V. I. Lenin establishes Soviet Union after civil war • 1924 ____________________takes over: —abolished private farms and replaced with collectives (gov. owned) —all economic activity placed under the state; famines kill millions —purges anyone who threatens his power; 8–13 million killed -- 1928 begins massive effort to industrialize the Soviet Union • _____________________ government exerts almost complete control over people; individuals have no rights Joseph Stalin Totalitarian Continued…

  12. Benito Mussolini Believed • Fascism • Extreme Nationalism —Placing the interest of the state above those of the individual • Militaristic expansionism • Private property with strong government • Anti-communist Italy

  13. Section-1 Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia {continued} The Rise of Fascism in Italy • Unemployment, inflation lead to bitter strikes, some communist-led • Middle, upper classes want stronger leaders • __________________ stresses nationalism, needs of state above individual • _____________________ plays on fears of economic collapse and communism • 1922 He and “Black Shirts” march on Rome and won support of the army and police • Italian king appointed Mussolini head of government, establishes totalitarian state Fascism Benito Mussolini Il Duce Continued…

  14. Adolf Hitler Believed • Nazism • Extreme nationalism and Racism • Believed in the “master race” of Aryans who would rule over “inferior races” like Jews, Slavs and non-whites • Believed all German people should be united and establish the “Third Reich” that would last 1000 years • Expansionist: Lebensraum—more living space for Germans • Anti-Communist Germany

  15. Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia Section-1 The Nazis Take Over Germany • ____________________leader of National Socialist German Workers’ Party • While in jail he wrote Mein Kampf—basic beliefs of _____________________, based on extreme nationalism • 1932, 6 million unemployed; many men join Hitler’s private army • Nazis become strongest political party; Hitler named chancellor • Dismantles democratic _____________________; establishes Third Reich Adolf Hitler Nazism Der Führer Weimar Republic Continued…

  16. Characteristics of a Totalitarian State • Single-party dictatorship with blind obedience to a single charismatic leader • State control of the economy • Use of police spies and terror to enforce the will of the state • Government control of the media to indoctrinate and mobilize citizens through propaganda • Use of schools and youth organizations to spread ideology • Strict censorship of artists and intellectuals

  17. Japanese Imperialism • 1931, Nationalist military leaders launch an invasion of _____________ • _________________sends representatives to investigate the action and condemns action; Japan quits League • Militarists take control of Japanese government • 1937 Japan invades China • Manchuria League of Nations Continued…

  18. Aggression in Europe and Africa Germany • 1933, Hitler quits League; 1935, begins military build-up —sends troops into _________________, A demilitarized zone between France and Germany Although this is in direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles the League does nothing to stop them Rhineland Continued…

  19. Aggression in Europe and Africa 1935--Italy • 1935; Mussolini’s invades _______________ • The League of Nations launched and ineffective economic boycott • By 1936, Ethiopia had fallen • Ethiopia Continued…

  20. Section-1 Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia {continued} Civil War Breaks Out in Spain • 1936, General ___________________________rebels against Spanish republic —Spanish Civil War begins • Hitler, Mussolini back Franco; Stalin aids opposition —Western democracies remain neutral • War leads to ________________________—alliance between Italy and Germany • 1939, Franco wins war, becomes _____________ dictator Francisco Franco Rome-Berlin Axis fascist

  21. Section-1 Americans Cling to Isolationism • Public is outraged at profits of banks, arms dealers during WW I • Americans become isolationists; FDR backs away from foreign policy • 1935 Congress passes the ______________ to try to keep U.S. out of future wars —outlaws arms sales, loans to nations at war Neutrality Acts Neutrality Breaks Down • 1937 Japan launches new attack on China; FDR sends aid to China • FDR wants to isolate “aggressor nations” to stop war in his Quarantine Speech Quarantine: Impose Isolation

  22. Johnson Debt Default Act Forbade loans from the U.S. to countries that had defaulted on World War I Debt. Neutrality Act of 1935 Prohibited the sale of arms to foreign nations at war. Neutrality Act of 1937 U.S. Citizens forbidden to travel on belligerent ships or transporting arms to belligerent nations. Who are the two men featured in the political cartoon? What is the meaning of the caption? Neutrality Act of 1939 “Cash and Carry” extended to lift the arms embargo against nations at war. Hoover Stimpson Note The United States would not recognize territory taken by force.

  23. Quarantine: Isolate aggressor nations to stop the spread of war What is the message in this speech? How is it similar to the cartoon? What does Roosevelt hope to accomplish in this speech? For whom are these messages intended?

  24. What is the message of the cartoon? What contributed most to the attitude shown in the cartoon?

  25. Objectives:  US.54 Examine the impact of American actions in foreign policy in the 1920’s, including the refusal to join the League of Nations, the Washington Disarmament Conference, and the Kellogg-Briand Pact. (H, P)   US.55 Gather relevant information from multiple sources to explain the reasons for and consequences of American actions in foreign policy during the 1930’s, including the Hoover-Stimson Note, the Johnson Debt Default Act, and the Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1937, and 1939. (H, P)

  26. Charles Lindberg

  27. Four Freedoms

  28. In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want—which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants-everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear—which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor—anywhere in the world.

  29. Section-2 War in Europe Using the sudden mass attack called blitzkrieg; Germany invades and quickly conquers many European countries.

  30. Occupies Rhineland • Annexes Austria • Invades Sudetenland Hitler on the march GermanAggression 1938 - 1942

  31. War in Europe Section-2 Union with Austria • Hitler plans to absorb Austria and Czechoslovakia into an empire he called the _________________ • Majority of Austrians are German, favour _______________ unification with Germany • 1938, German troops march into Austria unopposed, union complete • U.S., rest of world do nothing to stop Germany • Third Reich Anschluss Continued…

  32. Section-2 Austria and Czechoslovakia Fall {continued} Munich Pact • 3 million German-speakers in ______________________ • Hitler claims Czechs abuse Sudeten Germans, masses troops on border • 1938, Prime Ministers Daladier, ______________________meet with Hitler • Sign _______________________, hand Sudetenland over to Germany • __________________condemns appeasement policy, warns war will follow • ____________________ —giving up principles to pacify an aggressor Sudetenland Neville Chamberlain Munich Agreement Winston Churchill Appeasement

  33. Section-2 2. How were Britain and France drawn into war with Germany? The Soviet Union Declares Neutrality • March 1939, German troops occupy rest of Czechoslovakia • Hitler charges Poles mistreat Germans in Poland • Many think he’s bluffing; invading Poland would bring two-front war • Stalin and Hitler sign _____________________—will not attack each other • Sign second, secret pact agreeing to divide Poland between them nonaggression pact Continued…

  34. Section-2 The German Offensive Begins {continued} Poland • Sept. 1939, Hitler overruns Poland in ___________________, lightning war • Germany annexes western Poland; U.S.S.R. attacks, annexes east • France, Britain declare war on Germany; World War II begins blitzkrieg “Sitzkrieg” • French, British soldiers on Maginot Line face Germans in _______________ • Stalin annexes Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; defeats Finland • 1940, Hitler invades Denmark, Norway, then Low Countries “phony war”

  35. Section-2 3. What happened to France after the “Phony War?” The Fall of France • German army goes through Ardennes, bypassing the ________________ • British, French trapped on _______________; ferried to safety in UK • 1940, Italy invades France from south; Germans approach Paris • France falls; Germans occupy northern France • Nazi puppet government set up in southern France called Vichy France • French General _________________________sets up government-in-exile in England • Maginot Line Dunkirk Charles de Gaulle Continued…

  36. Section-2 4. What happened during the Battle of Britain? The Battle of Britain • Summer 1940, Germany prepares fleet to invade Britain • Battle of Britain —German _______________ –air force-- bomb British targets • Britain’s _________________________uses radar to track, shoot down German planes • Hitler calls off invasion of Britain • Germans, British continue to bomb each other’s cities Luftwaffe Royal Air Force (RAF)

  37. Section-3 The Holocaust During the Holocaust, the Nazis systematically execute 6 million Jews and 5 million other “non-Aryans.”

  38. The Holocaust Section-3 5. What did Hitler do to the Jews after taking power and why? Jews Targeted • Europe has long history of __________________ –hatred of Jews • Hitler’s uses the Jews as a __________________ --blame Jews for problems • With the ______________________Nazis take away citizenship, jobs, property; require Star of David • ________________—murder of 11 million people, more than half are Jews anti-Semitism scapegoat Nuremberg Laws Holocaust Kristallnacht • _______________________—Nazis attack Jewish homes, businesses, synagogues • About 100 Jews killed, hundreds injured, 30,000 arrested Kristallnacht Continued…

  39. Section-3 The Persecution Begins {continued} A Flood of Jewish Refugees • 1938, Nazis try to speed up Jewish emigration • France has 40,000 refugees, Britain 80,000; both refuse more • U.S. takes 100,000, many “persons of exceptional merit” • Americans fear strain on economy, enemy agents; much anti-Semitism The Plight of the St. Louis • Coast Guard prevents passengers on St. Louis from disembarking • Ship forced to return to Europe; most passengers killed in Holocaust

  40. Section-3 6. What was the goal of Hitler’s “Final Solution” and what were the results? The Condemned • Hitler’s Final Solution— genocide of groups “inferior” to the ____________ • _________________—deliberate, systematic killing of an entire population • Target Jews, gypsies, freemasons, Jehovah’s Witnesses, unfit Germans • Nazi death squads round up Jews, shoot them • Aryan Race Genocide Forced Relocation • Jews forced into ________________, segregated areas in Polish cities • Some form resistance movements; others maintain Jewish culture ghettos Continued…

  41. Section-3 Hitler’s “Final Solution” {continued} Concentration Camps • Many Jews taken to _____________________________, or labor camps — families often separated • Camps originally prisons; given to SS to warehouse “undesirables” • Prisoners crammed into wooden barracks, given little food • Work dawn to dusk, 7 days per week • Those too weak to work are killed concentration camps

  42. Section-3 The Final Stage Mass Exterminations • Germans build death camps; gas chambers used to kill thousands • On arrival, SS doctors separate those who can work • Those who can’t work immediately killed in gas chamber • At first bodies buried in pits; later cremated to cover up evidence • Some are shot, hanged, poisoned, or die from experiments Continued…

  43. Section-3 The Final Stage {continued} The Survivors • About 6 million Jews killed in death camps, along with about 6 million other prisoners • Some escape, many with help from ordinary people • Some survive concentration camps — survivors forever changed by experience

  44. Section-4 1. What actions did Franklin D. Roosevelt take to assist the Allies without declaring war? • Roosevelt wanted to help the Allies but had to appease U.S. Citizens who opposed entering the war. • In response to the fighting in Europe, the United States provides economic and military aid to help the Allies achieve victory.

  45. The United States Musters Its Forces Section-4 • Neutrality Act of 1939, FDR persuades Congress to pass _________________________ provision • Argues will help France, Britain defeat Hitler, keep U.S. out of war “cash-and-carry” The Axis Threat • 1940, FDR tries to provide Britain “all aid short of war” • ______ ______ _______sign Tripartite Pact, mutual defence treaty — become known as ________________ • Pact aimed at keeping U.S. out of war by forcing fight on two oceans Germany, Japan, Italy Axis Powers Continued…

  46. Section-4 The United States Muster Its Forces{continued} Building U.S. Defenses • Nazi victories in 1940 lead to increased U.S. defence spending • First peacetime draft enacted— ___________________: • — draftees to serve for 1 year in Western Hemisphere only Selective Service Act Roosevelt Runs for a Third Term • FDR breaks two-term tradition, runs for re-election • Republican Wendell Willkie has similar views on war • FDR re-elected with 55% of votes

  47. Section-4 2. What did the Germans do to threaten Roosevelt’s Lend-Leas program? The Lend-Lease Plan • FDR tells nation if Britain falls, Axis powers free to conquer world — U.S. must become “arsenal of democracy” • By late 1940, Britain has no more cash to buy U.S. arms • 1941 ____________________ — a policy allowing the president to provide arms (weapons) to certain foreign countries Lend-Lease Act Supporting Stalin • 1941, Hitler breaks pact with Stalin, invades _________________ • Roosevelt sends lend-leasesupplies to Soviet Union • Soviet Union Continued…

  48. What is the message of this cartoon? Why would the United States supply aid to Britain and the Soviet Union?

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