Rise of Totalitarian Regimes & Threat of World War II

1. Chapter 16World War Looms Section 1 Dictators Threaten World Peace

2. Failures of the World War I Peace Settlement • Unfair conditions • Resentment • The newly set up democracies after WWI failed: • Lack of democratic tradition • Failure of the Treaty of Versailles • Economic devastation

3. Soviet Union • Joseph Stalin • Came to power in 1924 • Abolished all privately owned farms and businesses • Eliminated anyone who dared get in his way (thought to have killed between 8 and 13 million people) • Trivia – Joseph Stalin is not his real name – name means “Man of Steel” - Real Name- Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili

4. Totalitarian Governments • Firmly established by 1939 in the Soviet Union • Individuals have no rights • Government suppresses all opposition • Basically had complete control over all of its citizens

5. The Rise of Fascism in Italy • Started by Benito Mussolini • Powerful speaker • Called himself “Il Duce” • Appealed to many people because he said he would bring them out of the depression • Established the Fascist Party in 1921

6. Fascism • Stressed nationalism • Placed interests of the state (government) above those of individuals • Name comes from Latin, fasces, a bundle of wooden rods. How does this apply to government?!?! • Factors that led to the rise of fascism: • Italians’pride was hurt • Rising inflation and unemployment • Social unrest

7. Nazis take over Germany • Led by Adolph Hitler • Came to power much like Mussolini did in Italy • Powerful and eloquent public speaker • Became the leader of the Nazi Party • Promised to bring Germany out of chaos and restore their pride and nation

8. Nazism • German brand of fascism • Extreme nationalism • Hitler dreamed of uniting all German-speaking people in a great German Empire • Great Depression aided the Nazis and Hitler coming to power quicker

9. Key Ideas and Goals of Hitler • Reunite all Germans • Germans were a master race and all other races were inferior • Germany needed more living space • Established the Third Reich which took the place of the broken democratic Weimar Republic

10. Militarists Gain Control in Japan • Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 • More “living” space • Manchuria was rich in much needed natural resources • Japan was condemned by the League of Nations – but just quit the League • Led by Hideki Tojo

11. More Aggression and Military Buildup • Germany pulls out of League of Nations in 1933 • 1936 Hitler sends troops in to the Rhineland • Mussolini invaded Ethiopia

12. Civil War in Spain • Francisco Franco – led the rebellion against the Spanish Republic • Soviet Union sent troops to help the Spanish government • Italy and Germany sent aid and supplies to Franco

13. Neutrality Acts • 1935 • Efforts to keep the United States out of future wars • Outlawed arms sales and loans to nations at war (including civil war)

14. War in Europe Chapter 16 Section 2

15. Austria • Hitler’s first target • March 12, 1938 • German troops marched in to Austria unopposed and announced the union between Austria and Germany – Anschluss in German

16. Czechoslovakia • Sudetenland formed the western border of Czechoslovakia and the main defense against a German attack • Hitler wanted this area for more living space (lebensraum) and for its important natural resources

17. The Munich Agreement • Between France (Daladier), Great Britain (Chamberlain), & Germany (Hitler) • September 30, 1938 • Turned Sudetenland over to Germany • Appeasement • Giving up principles to pacify an aggressor • Chamberlain called it “Peace in our time!” • Right or Wrong?

19. Nonaggression Pact • Agreement between the Soviet Union and Germany to never attack each other • Allowed Hitler to invade Poland without the threat of war with the Soviet Union • Allowed Hitler to split Poland with Soviet Union, increasing resources

20. Blitzkrieg in Poland • September 1 1939 • German Luftwaffe (German air force) and land troops began the invasion of Poland • Blitzkrieg – “lightning war” • Take the enemy by surprise using new military technology (fasters tanks, new and faster planes) • Within three weeks Germany occupied much of Poland • Great Britain and France declare war on Germany – WWII was underway

21. The Fall of France • German troops entered France through the Ardennes (bypassing the Maginot Line and missing British and French troops) • The German troops closed in on Paris by June 22 1940 and northern France was under the control of German forces

22. Charles de Gaulle • Fled to England after German occupation • Set up “government-in-exile” • Eventually emerged in 1958 as President of France under the new Fifth Republic

25. America Moves Toward War Chapter 16 Section 4

26. The U.S. Prepares Forces • Neutrality Act of 1939 • “Cash and Carry Policy” • U.S. Could sell weapons to warring nations, if they paid cash, and transported them in their own ships • Hoped to avoid sinking of U.S. ships, and killing U.S. soldiers (Remember WWI) • Designed to help France and Britain defeat Germany

27. The Flying Tigers • Name given to the 1st American Volunteer Group of the Chinese Air Force in the early 1940’s • Former Navy, Marine and Army pilots who went to China to support the Chinese from the aggressive Japanese

28. The Axis Threat • “Cash and Carry” was too little to late • France falls in 1940, and Britain under attack • U.S. sells 500,000 rifles and 80,000 machine guns to Britain • U.S. trades 50 old destroyers to Britain in return for leases on British military bases • U.S.A neutral anymore????

29. Tripartite Pact • September 27, 1940 – Japan, Germany and Italy agree to alliance • Become known as the Axis Powers • Designed to keep U.S. out of war. • United States doesn’t want to fight a 2-ocean war. (Japan in Pacific and Germany/Italy in Atlantic)

30. Building U.S. Defenses • 1940 – Congress passes first peacetime military draft • Selective Training and Service Act • 16 Million U.S. men registered • 1 Million drafted in first year

31. Lend-Lease Policy • By 1940 – Britain had no more cash • March 1941, Congress passes the Lend-Lease Act • U.S. could lend or lease arms and other supplies to “any country whose defense was vital to the United States”

32. Supporting Stalin • June 1941 – Hitler breaks Non-Aggression Pact with Soviet Union and invades • “The enemy of my enemy is my friend”, U.S. begins to lend/lease weapons to Soviet Union

33. German Wolf Packs • Similar to WWI, Hitler uses German U-boats to attack cargo ships • U-boats sank up to 350,000 tons of shipments a month • September 1941, Roosevelt orders all U.S. ships to attack U-boats, only in self-defense

34. The Atlantic Charter • Roosevelt (U.S.) and Churchill (Britain) meet secretly for a joint declaration of war aims, known as Atlantic Charter • Both countries pledged; collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation and freedom of the seas • Roosevelt tells Churchill that he cannot declare war on Germany (Congress wouldn’t approve) but he would “wage war” and do “everything to force and incident”

35. Atlantic Charter Con.’t • Atlantic Charter was the basis of new document call “A Declaration of the United Nations” • Expressed the common goals of the Allies • Allies are those nations who fought the Axis powers • Eventually 26 nations sign the document

36. Japan Attacks United States • German victories in Europe created new opportunities for Japan • French, British and Dutch colonies were left unprotected • July 1937 – Hideki Tojo (leader of Japanese military) led invasion of China • July 1941 – Japan invades French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)

37. Japan Aggression • United States condemns Japanese aggression in Asia. • U.S. cuts off all trade with Japan • Main supply Japan needs; OIL, without it war machine stops • Japan left with 2 options • Take Oil from Dutch East Indies (Act of War) • Persuade the U.S. to end embargo

38. Japan Peace Talks • Tojo becomes Prime Minister of Japan • Promises Emperor Hirohito that Japanese government would attempt peace with U.S. • Really looking to buy time to prepare military • U.S. Military breaks Japanese secret codes, learns of attack, but not location or date • Roosevelt puts U.S. Military in Pacific on alert • Dec. 6, 1941, U.S. Military breaks code telling Japanese peace envoy to reject all American peace proposals. “This Means War!” - Roosevelt

39. “A Date Which Will Live In Infamy” • December 7th, 1941 – 180 Japanese warplanes launched a surprise attack on the largest U.S. Naval Base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii • In less than 2 hours • 2,403 Americans died • 1,178 American wounded • 21 Ships sunk or damaged • 300 U.S. aircraft destroyed

44. Reaction to Pearl Harbor • December 8th, 1941 – Roosevelt went to Congress and requested a declaration of war. • Congress quickly approves Declaration of War against Japan • 3 days later – Germany and Italy declare war on United States.