SECTION 1

1. SECTION 1 • Totalitarian rule gives the government total control over the nation • All of the dictators that are rising in Europe are creating totalitarian governments • Italy and Germany are creating fascism government, one that emphasizes the importance of the nation. • Russia is building their government based on Communism

2. The Dictators Mussolini Il Duce, the leader WWI vet Wanted to return Italy to the power it had before the end of WWI Built up a force of WWI vet called the Blackshirts Is appointed Prime Minister by the king and then he established himself as the dictator • Stalin • Collectivization of farmland will cause a decrease in farm production • Starvation for millions • Laborers were assigned to certain industry • Any complaints about the conditions of life in Russia during this time resulted in Stalin removing the enemies of the state by death. • Great Purge • Between 7 and 16 million people died during the Great Purge Hitler WWI vet Refused to accept the defeat of Germany Joins the Nazi party Writes My Struggle while in prison My Struggle (Mein Kampf) explains how Germany can rise again and identifies the weak link in German culture: the Jews Hitler rises to power as the Chancellor of Germany Begins to rearm Germany even though Treaty of Versailles forbids The Brown Shirts, young men, showed power in the new military

3. Hitler breaks the Treaty of Versailles Rearms Claims Germany needs lebensraum(living space) Stops paying reparations Brings military into the demilitarized zone of the Rhineland

4. Germany’s Increasingly Militaristic Approach • In Mar 1938, Hitler forces Anschluss (union) with Austria • POLICY OF APPEASEMENT • On Sept 29-30, the British and French foreign ministers attempt to appease Hitler by acquiescing to his demand for the Sudentenland under the understanding Hitler will make no more territorial demands • In March 1939 Hitler seizes the western part of Czechoslovakia Neville Chamberlain

6. Spanish Civil War • Civil War is going on in Spain • Hitler and Mussolini back General Francisco Franco who led the Nationalist • Spain was used as a practice ground for Hitler’s blitzkrieg and lufftwaffe • Nationalist took firm control of government in Spain

7. Section 2 • Chamberlain made a mistake with his appeasement of Hitler • Winston Churchill replaces him as the Prime Minister of Great Britain and he wants to be aggressive towards Hitler

8. Hitler’s Invasion of Poland • Subsequent to the invasion of Poland, Poland was split • Hitler turned his attention toward western Europe • Hitler advanced into Sudetenland after Rhineland and Austria • Non aggression pact was agreed upon by Stalin and Hitler • 5 million Poles lost their lives in the Holocaust • Death camps were established in Poland and the majority of the deaths took place here

9. Continued Aggression • Britain and France now know appeasement won’t stop Hitler and they pledge to defend Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, and Poland against German aggression • On Aug 22, 1939, Russia and Germany sign a non-aggression pact • In the event of a German-Polish war, Russia can annex eastern Poland, Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania • On Sept 1, Hitler invades Poland

10. Russia and Finland • On Nov 30, Russia attacks Finland and on Mar 12, 1940, the Finns finally surrender • Russia’s army did not perform particularly well which makes Hitler think the Russians would not be much of a challenge if Germany invaded Finnish infantry passing a destroyed Russian tank

11. French and German Plans forthe Battle of France 1940 • French anticipate the Germans attacking through the north as they did in World War I so they develop the Dye Plan to counter such an attack • Build the Maginot Line in the south to protect the border

12. Maginot Line • A line of concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, machine gun posts and other defenses which France constructed along her borders with Germany and Italy • The fortifications did not extend through the Ardennes Forest which was considered “impassable”

13. The blitzkrieg allowed Germany to quickly take over France. Within 3 months Hilter has moved through Denmark, Norway, and Split France

14. Dunkirkone of the greatest rescues in the history of warfare

15. France Falls • The French government supervised the unoccupied south from the vacation resort of Vichy, France and this area worked with Germany. The southern area was called Vichy France and they collaborated with Germany. • France’s prime minister, Charles de Gaulle, reestablished France’s government in Great Britain and attempted to support the underground Resistance group that was trying to cause the Germans problems • All that was left of the ALLIES at this point was Great Britain

16. Consolidation • On June 16 the French ask for an armistice. • Battle of Britain begins. • “Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, ‘This was their finest hour.’” (Winston Churchill)

17. Italy Joins the Axis • On June 10, 1940, Mussolini declares war on Britain and France and four months later invades Greece • In many ways Mussolini will hinder rather than help Hitler

18. Greatest Extent of Axis Control

19. Section 3 • Japan was a part of the League of Nations • Japan was for the Kellogg-Briand Pact that agreed war was not the answer • Japan wants to acquire new lands for the raw materials • Japan was an island and was overpopulated • The Great Depression caused economic difficulties for Japan just like it did for other nations • Nationalism will rise as the people of Japan suffer from what they perceive as economic abuse from Western Nations

20. Manchurian Incident • Japan saw the take over of Manchuria (located north of China) as an answer to their problems • Japan’s army took over Manchuria without the permission of the government • Japan took over the land and sent over farmers to occupy the land • Although the military are not in complete control of Japan, they certainly limit the power of the government .

21. Chiang Kai Shek Mao Zedong

22. WAR with CHINA • Chiang Kai Shek led the Nationalist group and Mao Zedong led the communist • These two individuals were fighting over control of China • When Japan began the attack on China these two men joined forces to stop the invasion

23. WAR against China • Britain continued to support China by sending them supplies by the BURMA ROAD • America helps support the Nationalist even though the Neutrality Acts made it illegal for the government to support or sell goods to countries that were at war • Japan never declared war on China so FDR took that to technically mean they were not under war just under attack • Japan allies with the AXIS powers of Germany and Italy and began its attack on ASIA

24. SECTION 4 • Isolationism to War

25. Neutrality Acts to keep America from getting financially committed to either side • Prevented US from selling arms to nations at war • Neutrality Acts also helped from our trading with warring nations causing attacks on ships therefore forcing us into war • Cash and Carry – 1st step away from neutrality

26. After Poland was invaded the US votes to send 50 old destroyers to Britain in return for permission to build bases on British territory in the Western Hemisphere (Lend-Lease) • Why else would you need bases in a volatile area if you were not planning on fighting there? Many were scared America was nearing war • America First Committee was formed to block further aid to Britain. (Charles Lindbergh)

27. Lend-Lease Act went into effect when Britain could no longer pay for the military aid • This authorized the President to loan out military goods to nations that were vital to our safety • By the end of the war, the US had loaned more than $49 billion worth of aid

28. Japan vs. America • When Japan began its attack on China, America expressed its feelings against the aggression by stopping the trade with Japan • The US cut off oil, steel, rubber to the country • The US froze Japanese investments in America

35. Chapter 18 Section 1 • Mobilization

36. Getting ready for WAR • Mobilization : Selective Service Act required all males aged 21 to 36 to register for military service. (Government Issued: GI)

37. TROOPS • 300,000 Mexican Americans • 25,000 Native Americans (Navajos “code talkers” • 1 million African Americans • Tuskegee Airmen • 350,000 American women: clerks, typists, nurses, airfield control tower operators, etc

38. Preparing for the Economy of WARMaking supplies • War Production Board: controlled production of war goods by converting peace-time civilian industries to war production; allocated resources • Office of War Mobilization: over production of war goods; broad powers to centralize resources • Government had to make sure all of the needs were met such as ships, tanks, planes • By 1945: 300,000 airplanes, 80,000 landing raft, 100,000 tanks, 5,600 merchant merchant ships, • 41 billion rounds of ammunition

40. Production needs workers and MONEY!! • Women and African Americans are going to step up to work in the industry just as they did during WWI • US government will spend $321 billion dollars on this war • Treasury bonds were again sold to raise money • The Public was encouraged to support the war effort

41. AMERICAN SUPPORT • The Public was encouraged to support the war effort • Office of War Information Board worked to persuade the US to accept rationing and support the troops • Over $180 million worth of radio, print, and outdoor advertising was donated and over $156 billion raised in the eight war loans.

42. Continued support • American supported troops by rationing • Recycling metal, paper, etc • Conserved energy by watching how they used their power • Carpooled to save gas

43. FOOD • The government needed supplies of food for the troops • OFFICE OF PRICE ADMINISTRATION worked to control the prices of goods when shortages occurred, this would help keep inflation down • The OPA was in charge of rationing goods • People were encouraged to plant victory gardens in their communities or in their own yards to help supplement the food supply

44. FUNDS HIGHER TAXES : 41% OF COST War bonds: 186 billion 1941-45 $321 billion in war cost SUPPORT Office of War Information Advertisements for the War Victory Gardens Rationing/public support and involvement WAR MOBILIZATION ECONOMY CONTROL Office of Price Administration TROOPS Selective Training Service 21-36 16 million Women, Native Americans, African Americans WAR SUPPLIES War Production Board (WPB) Decided what would be made by whom Office of War Mobilization Dispersed raw materials for production

45. Section 2 Retaking Europe • Battle of the Atlantic • U-boats were the biggest obstacle in the Atlantic • Wolf packs sank 175 ships in June 1942 alone • The convoy was used again to stop the • U-boats

46. Convoy system

47. German U-boats

48. North Africa

49. Italian Presence in North Africa • Since before World War II, Italy occupied Libya and had over a million soldiers based there • In neighboring Egypt, the British Army had only 36,000 men guarding the Suez Canal and the Arabian oilfields • The British and Italians fought in North Africa, Rommel, “Desert Fox”, was sent in by Hitler to reinforce the Italians. • Britain defeated and pushed the Italians and Germans back .

50. Operation Torch • Americans decided to begin an attack on the Axis powers by invading Italy. Operation Torch– landings to occupy Algeria and Morocco and co-opt the Vichy French • After Americans push the Axis powers from Africa with Operation Torch, they then move to invade Italy