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Data Communications

Data Communications. Multiplexing. Multiplexing. Frequency Division Multiplexing. FDM Useful bandwidth of medium exceeds required bandwidth of channel Each signal is modulated to a different carrier frequency Carrier frequencies separated so signals do not overlap (guard bands)

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Data Communications

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  1. Data Communications Multiplexing

  2. Multiplexing

  3. Frequency Division Multiplexing • FDM • Useful bandwidth of medium exceeds required bandwidth of channel • Each signal is modulated to a different carrier frequency • Carrier frequencies separated so signals do not overlap (guard bands) • e.g. broadcast radio • Channel allocated even if no data

  4. Frequency Division MultiplexingDiagram

  5. FDM System

  6. FDM of Three Voiceband Signals

  7. Analog Carrier Systems • AT&T (USA) • Hierarchy of FDM schemes • Group • 12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz • Range 60kHz to 108kHz • Supergroup • 60 channel • FDM of 5 group signals on carriers between 420kHz and 612 kHz • Mastergroup • 10 supergroups

  8. Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing • Data rate of medium exceeds data rate of digital signal to be transmitted • Multiple digital signals interleaved in time • May be at bit level of blocks • Time slots preassigned to sources and fixed • Time slots allocated even if no data • Time slots do not have to be evenly distributed amongst sources

  9. Time Division Multiplexing

  10. TDM System

  11. TDM Link Control • No headers and trailers • Data link control protocols not needed • Flow control • Data rate of multiplexed line is fixed • If one channel receiver can not receive data, the others must carry on • The corresponding source must be quenched • This leaves empty slots • Error control • Errors are detected and handled by individual channel systems

  12. Data Link Control on TDM

  13. Framing • No flag or SYNC characters bracketing TDM frames • Must provide synchronizing mechanism • Added digit framing • One control bit added to each TDM frame • Looks like another channel - “control channel” • Identifiable bit pattern used on control channel • e.g. alternating 01010101…unlikely on a data channel • Can compare incoming bit patterns on each channel with sync pattern

  14. Pulse Stuffing • Problem - Synchronizing data sources • Clocks in different sources drifting • Data rates from different sources not related by simple rational number • Solution - Pulse Stuffing • Outgoing data rate (excluding framing bits) higher than sum of incoming rates • Stuff extra dummy bits or pulses into each incoming signal until it matches local clock • Stuffed pulses inserted at fixed locations in frame and removed at demultiplexer

  15. TDM of Analog and Digital Sources

  16. Digital Carrier Systems • Hierarchy of TDM • USA/Canada/Japan use one system • ITU-T use a similar (but different) system • US system based on DS-1 format • Multiplexes 24 channels • Each frame has 8 bits per channel plus one framing bit • 193 bits per frame

  17. Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 5 The T-1 multiplexor stream is a continuous series of frames.

  18. Digital Carrier Systems (2) • For voice each channel contains one word of digitized data (PCM, 8000 samples per sec) • Data rate 8000x193 = 1.544Mbps • Five out of six frames have 8 bit PCM samples • Sixth frame is 7 bit PCM word plus signaling bit • Signaling bits form stream for each channel containing control and routing info • Same format for digital data • 23 channels of data • 7 bits per frame plus indicator bit for data or systems control • 24th channel is sync

  19. Mixed Data • DS-1 can carry mixed voice and data signals • 24 channels used • No sync byte • Can also interleave DS-1 channels • Ds-2 is four DS-1 giving 6.312Mbps

  20. ISDN User Network Interface • ISDN allows multiplexing of devices over single ISDN line • Two interfaces • Basic ISDN Interface • Primary ISDN Interface

  21. Basic ISDN Interface (1) • Digital data exchanged between subscriber and NTE - Full Duplex • Separate physical line for each direction • Pseudoternary coding scheme • 1=no voltage, 0=positive or negative 750mV +/-10% • Data rate 192kbps • Basic access is two 64kbps B channels and one 16kbps D channel • This gives 144kbps multiplexed over 192kbps • Remaining capacity used for framing and sync

  22. Basic ISDN Interface (2) • B channel is basic user channel • Data • PCM voice • Separate logical 64kbps connections o different destinations • D channel used for control or data • LAPD frames • Each frame 48 bits long • One frame every 250s

  23. Frame Structure

  24. Sonet/SDH • Synchronous Optical Network (ANSI) • Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (ITU-T) • Compatible • Signal Hierarchy • Synchronous Transport Signal level 1 (STS-1) or Optical Carrier level 1 (OC-1) • 51.84Mbps • Carry DS-3 or group of lower rate signals (DS1 DS1C DS2) plus ITU-T rates (e.g. 2.048Mbps) • Multiple STS-1 combined into STS-N signal • ITU-T lowest rate is 155.52Mbps (STM-1)

  25. SONET Frame Format

  26. SONET STS-1 Overhead Octets

  27. Statistical TDM • In Synchronous TDM many slots are wasted • Statistical TDM allocates time slots dynamically based on demand • Multiplexer scans input lines and collects data until frame full • Data rate on line lower than aggregate rates of input lines

  28. Statistical TDM Frame Formats

  29. Performance • Output data rate less than aggregate input rates • May cause problems during peak periods • Buffer inputs • Keep buffer size to minimum to reduce delay

  30. Buffer Size and Delay

  31. Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line • ADSL • Link between subscriber and network • Local loop • Uses currently installed twisted pair cable • Can carry broader spectrum • 1 MHz or more

  32. ADSL Design • Asymmetric • Greater capacity downstream than upstream • Frequency division multiplexing • Lowest 25kHz for voice • Plain old telephone service (POTS) • Use echo cancellation or FDM to give two bands • Use FDM within bands • Range 5.5km

  33. ADSL Channel Configuration

  34. Discrete Multitone • DMT • Multiple carrier signals at different frequencies • Some bits on each channel • 4kHz subchannels • Send test signal and use subchannels with better signal to noise ratio • 256 downstream subchannels at 4kHz (60kbps) • 15.36MHz • Impairments bring this down to 1.5Mbps to 9Mbps

  35. DMT Transmitter

  36. Wavelength Division Multiplexing Wavelength division multiplexing multiplexes multiple data streams onto a single fiber optic line. Different wavelength lasers (called lambdas) transmit the multiple signals. Each signal carried on the fiber can be transmitted at a different rate from the other signals. Dense WDM – High number of lambdas Coarse WDM – A few lambdas

  37. Code Division Multiplexing Also known as code division multiple access An advanced technique that allows multiple devices to transmit on the same frequencies at the same time. Each mobile device is assigned a unique 64-bit code To send a binary 1, mobile device transmits the unique code To send a binary 0, mobile device transmits the inverse of code

  38. Code Division Multiplexing Receiver gets summed signal, multiplies it by receiver code, adds up the resulting values Interprets as a binary 1 if sum is near +64 Interprets as a binary 0 if sum is near –64

  39. Code Division Multiplexing Example • For simplicity, assume 8-chip spreading codes • 3 different mobiles use the following codes: • Mobile A: 10111001 • Mobile B: 01101110 • Mobile C: 11001101 • Assume Mobile A sends a 1, B sends a 0, and C sends a 1

  40. Code Division Multiplexing Example Signal code: 1-chip = +N volt; 0-chip = -N volt Three signals transmitted: -Mobile A sends a 1, or 10111001, or+-+++--+ -Mobile B sends a 0, or 10010001, or+--+---+ -Mobile C sends a 1, or 11001101, or++--++-+ Summed signal received by base station: +3, -1, -1, +1, +1, -1, -3, +3

  41. Code Division Multiplexing Example Base station decode for Mobile A: Signal received: +3,-1,-1,+1,+1,-1,-3,+3 Mobile A’s code: +1,-1,+1,+1,+1,-1,-1,+1 Product result: +3,+1,-1,+1,+1,+1,+3,+3 Sum of Product results: +12 Decode rule: For result near +8, data is binary 1

  42. Code Division Multiplexing Example Base station decode for Mobile B: Signal received: +3,-1,-1,+1,+1,-1,-3,+3 Mobile B’s code: -1,+1,+1,-1,+1,+1,+1,-1 Product result: -3,-1,-1,-1,+1,-1,-3,-3 Sum of Product results: -12 Decode rule: For result near -8, data is binary 0

  43. Optical Spatial Division Multiplexing Improves network utilization of SONET networks Fact – data traffic is often bursty Fact – SONET is sync TDM Sync TDM does not like bursty traffic OSDM is not limited to multiples of 1.544 Mbps containers

  44. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDM is a discrete multi-tone technology Numerous signals of different frequencies are combined to form a single signal for transmission Before combining, each carrier is phase modulated to represent bits HomePlug technology modulates data bits on 84 individual carriers ranging from 4 MHz – 21 MHz

  45. Business Multiplexing In Action XYZ Corporation has two buildings separated by a distance of 300 meters. A 3-inch diameter tunnel extends underground between the two buildings. Building A has a mainframe computer and Building B has 66 terminals. List some efficient techniques to link the two buildings.

  46. Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 5

  47. Possible Solutions Connect each terminal to the mainframe computer using separate point-to-point lines. Connect all the terminals to the mainframe computer using one multipoint line. Connect all the terminal outputs and use microwave transmissions to send the data to the mainframe. Collect all the terminal outputs using multiplexing and send the data to the mainframe computer using a conducted line.

  48. Review Questions • What is FDM used for? What are its advantages? Disadvantages? • If you FDM 20 channels together, each channel 40,000 Hz, what is total bandwidth? • What is TDM used for? What are its advantages? Disadvantages? • If you sync TDM 40 voice channels together, what is the total data rate? • What is the advantage of stat TDM? Any disadvantages?

  49. Review Questions • 6. In a T-1, how many frames are transmitted per second? How many channels within one frame? What is the sync bit used for? • 7. In ISDN, how many channels are transmitted on a basic rate service? What is the data rate of each of those channels? What is the D channel used for?

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