“RFE-DPRK-RK” POWER GRID INTERCONNECTION Sergei Podkovalnikov Energy Systems Institute, Irkutsk, Russia

1. “RFE-DPRK-RK” POWER GRID INTERCONNECTION Sergei PodkovalnikovEnergy Systems Institute, Irkutsk, Russia • Introduction • Overview of RFE, DPRK and RK power systems • Potential route • Preliminary costs-benefit analysis • Inferences 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

2. Power Grid Map of the Russian Far East 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

3. Features of the RFE Power System. I • Current generating capacity - 7 GW, electricity consumption - 24 TWh/year, frequency - 50 Hz • Maximum electric load comes in winter, summer load valley is quite deep • Electricity consumption is unevenly distributed on the territory with large share falling on the South • Hydropower capacity is developed in the West, new HPPs are to be commissioned there • Thermal power capacity dominates in the East and South, nuclear power capacity is expected to be developed in the South for meeting domestic electricity needs and exporting electricity 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

4. Features of RFE Power System. II • There is currently excess of power generating capacity unevenly allocated on the territory, in 2005-2010 it is expected to be exhausted • There is lack of maneuverable generating capacity for meeting cycling electric load of consumers in the South • Backbone power transmission grid of highest voltage is not well developed and planned to be reinforced • Major direction of power flows in EPS is east-southward, and it is expected to remain for the future • There are currently no power grid connections between RFE and DPRK EPSs 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

5. Power Grid Map of RK 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

6. Features of RK Power System. I • Current generating capacity - 49 GW, electricity consumption - 224 TWh/year, frequency - 60 Hz • Maximum electric load comes in summer • Electricity consumption is unevenly distributed on the territory of the EPS with very large share falling on Seoul metropolitan area • Nuclear power capacity is being further developed as major source of electricity production, though other sources of electricity play important role in meeting growing power demand 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

7. Features of RK Power System. II • There are difficulties in siting new power facilities • Backbone power transmission grid of highest voltage is well developed and being reinforced by transmissions of higher voltage • Major direction of power flows via backbone transmission grid is northward, with this being expected to remain for the future • There are no power grid connections between RK and DPRK EPSs 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

8. Power Grid Map of DPRK 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

9. Features of DPRK Power System. I • Current generating capacity - 9.5 GW, electricity consumption - 29 TWh/year, frequency - 60 Hz, though there is reportedly an area in the West of country operating with 50 Hz • Maximum electric load comes in winter • Electricity consumption is unevenly distributed on the territory of the EPS with large share falling on Pyongyang metropolitan area • Hydropower capacities being major source of electricity are located in North and Northeast of the country 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

10. Features of DPRK Power System. II • Nuclear power capacity is being developed • Major direction of power flows via backbone transmission grid is roughly estimated to be southward • There are currently no power grid connections with adjacent RFE and RK EPSs • Power statistics is scarce and controversial 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

11. Significant Issues for “RFE-DPRK-RK” Power Grid Interconnection. I • Diversity of yearly maximum load in EPSs of RFE, DPRK and RK may bring about substantial benefits while interconnecting those EPSs • Difficulties in siting power facilities in RK may be alleviated by receiving electricity from interstate interconnected power grid • DPRK hydropower maneuverable capacity may meet cycling electric load of consumers in RK and South of RFE • Delivering electricity from power grid interconnection to the electric load centers in DPRK and RK may relieve constrains in domestic electricity grids • EPSs operate at different frequencies 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

12. Significant Issues for “RFE-DPRK-RK” Power Grid Interconnection. II • There is no any interstate power transmission infrastructure among RFE, DPRK and RK • Attaining benefits from power interconnection in full scale requires bulk power exchange among RFE, DPRK and RK • Using domestic power infrastructure along with intersystem links to be constructed for bulk power exchange is impossible; domestic power grids may be used for distributing incoming power flows and collecting flows, being sent out to the power grid interconnection • Interconnection of RFE, DPRK and RK EPSs requires bulk power DC transmission infrastructure to be constructed 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

13. Map of railroads of the South of RFE, DPRK and RK 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

14. The Scheme of «RFE-DPRK-RK» Electric Tie 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

15. The Method of Study CostJointEPSs >=< CostSeparateEPSs Costs are optimal values of the objective function of ORIRES Model comprising annualized investment for development of generating and transmitting capacities and yearly maintenance and fuel cost at joint and separate operation of RFE, DPRK and RK power systems 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

16. RFE 8.8 16 DPRK RK 0.4 6.7 Electricity Exchange via ISET «RFE-DPRK-RK», Bln.kWh/year 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

17. Commissioning New Capacities, GW 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

18. Costs for New Capacities 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

19. Cost for “RFE-DPRK-RK” ISET 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

20. Estimation of Complex Economic Benefit Complex Economic Benefit = Revenue from Electricity Export + Cost of Capacity Saving – Cost for Additional Capacity Commissioning – Cost for Electricity Import 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

21. Sharing Economic Benefit, $ Mln./year 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

22. Electricity Production Cost and Tariff Reduction 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

23. Benefit of Reliability Improvement 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

24. Environmental benefit • Wider utilization of non-fossil fuel sources of electricity (in particular, hydropower plants) • Decrease of environmental impact from domestic power plants in electricity importing countries • Alleviation of environmental burden in peak hours and seasons when pollution is highest owing to seasonal diversity power exchange 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

25. Inferences. I • Power systems of RFE, DPRK and RK are mutually supplementary • Interconnection of RFE, DPRK and RK requires construction of new bulk power DC transmission infrastructure • There is quite developed transport and power grid infrastructure along the larger part of potential route of the ISET • Power grid interconnection “RFE-DPRK-RK” is expected to bring about high economic benefit for all participating countries • There already exists methodology and software for studying prospective power grid interconnections in NEA 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China

26. Inferences. II • Sharing verified input data among countries engaged in power interconnection is needed. • There seems to be compliance among Russia, DPRK and RK about expediency of the study of “RFE-DPRK-RK” ISET • Conditions appear to be mature for complex international pre-feasibility study for the “RFE-DPRK-RK” ISET, with technical, economic, reliability, environmental and institutional issues being examined 2nd Workshop on PGI in NEA, May 6-8 2002, Shenzhen, China