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Kennedy, Johnson, & Activism

Kennedy, Johnson, & Activism. The 1960 Election A New Type of Candidate. John F. Kennedy, 43 Young and Catholic Promised to help slow the economy. TV’s Role. September 26, 1960 1 st televised presidential debate JFK – young, tan, relaxed, fit

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Kennedy, Johnson, & Activism

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  1. Kennedy, Johnson, & Activism

  2. The 1960 ElectionA New Type of Candidate • John F. Kennedy, 43 • Young and Catholic • Promised to help slow the economy

  3. TV’s Role • September 26, 1960 • 1st televised presidential debate • JFK – young, tan, relaxed, fit • Nixon – sick, underweight, loose shirt, no shave • Saw on TV: JFK won • Heard on Radio: Nixon won

  4. A Narrow Kennedy Win • VP Lyndon Baines Johnson • Won popular vote by only 19,000 votes • Entered into office without a mandate • Mandate – public endorsement

  5. Combating Poverty & inequality • 1963 – wrote book “The Other America” • 1/5th of Americans were living below the poverty line • 1961 – Housing Act for urban renewal • 24th Amendment – no poll tax • Equal Pay Act – Same work = same pay

  6. The Space Program • April 1961 – USSR sent man to space • May 25, 1961 – JFK challenges NASA to do same • Said they had 10 years • Changed school systems – emphasis on math and science

  7. Assassination • November 22, 1963 • Campaign swing though Texas • Texas School Book Depository, 6th floor • 3 shots • 1:00pm JFK pronounced dead

  8. Lee Harvey Oswald arrested • On TV, LHO was transferred jails • Shot by Jack Ruby on TV • November 29th - Warren Commission • Investigated assassination, LHO acted alone

  9. Johnson becomes President • LBJ sworn in on JFK’s death • Democrat from Texas • Won his seat by 87 votes • Took offer from JFK for VP after failed nomination • Hated VP – no real power • As President, kept JFK’s agenda and added to it

  10. The Great Society • Series of Legislation by Johnson

  11. The Warren Court

  12. Bay of Pigs Invasion • Plan to Overthrow Castro • Cuba 90 miles from Florida • JFK took office with plan already in motion • CIA training Cubans to overthrow

  13. Military Catastrophe • April 17, 1961 • Airstrike failed to take out Cuba’s Air Force • Cuba’s troops were better than anticipated • US looked like failures

  14. Berlin Crisis • Tensions in Germany • After WWII, Berlin divided • Berlin Airlift made USSR angry • Wanted permanent division • Khrushchev made public ultimatum • JFK felt bullied

  15. JFK Takes Action • JFK added $3 Billion to defense • Built up armed forces • Soviets built Berlin Wall • Standoff but not war

  16. Cuban missile CrisisKennedy’s Options • Spy plane showed USSR missile base in Cuba • Had 4 options • Further negotiate with Khrushchev • Invade Cuba • Blockade Cuba • Bomb middle sites • October 22 on TV JFK confirms nukes in Cuba • Public – fear and anger, not panic

  17. The World Waits • JFK put in blockade • 2 nations on brink of nuclear war • People huddled in shelters • Soviet ships ran at blockade • Turned at last minute

  18. Disaster avoided • Middle base construction continued • Deal made: • Soviet missiles out of Cuba • US stays out of Cuba • US takes missile out of Turkey • JFK is a hero

  19. After Effects • Efforts made to reduce nuclear war • Red Phone “Hotline” USSR to USA • Limited Test Ban Treaty • No above ground testing • Underground still ok

  20. Activism

  21. Women’s Movement • Feminism – equality for females • Education and Employment • 1970 – 43% of college degrees went to women • Companies didn’t want to train women • Assumed they’d leave for families • 1963 – women made 59 cents per $1 a man made • Wanted equal pay

  22. Impact of civil rights • Used techniques from Civil Rights • Title VII – prohibited discrimination • Used to sue for rights

  23. Women’s groups Organize • 1963 –The Feminine Mystique • Talked of dissatisfied housewives • Some women felt betrayed • Happy with their roles in the home • 1966 – National Organization for Women (NOW) • Goal to get equality for women

  24. Impact of Feminism • A shift in attitude toward women • Explored new careers • Roe vs. Wade • 1973 • Right to choose • Legalized abortion • Still a controversial ruling • ERA • Equal Rights Amendment • Proposed in 1972 • Had to have 38 states to ratify • In 1977, 35 states had • Amendment died in 1982

  25. Opposition to Women’s Movement • Some women fought the ERA • Said it wouldn’t help • Some said they wanted to be wives and mothers • AA women felt that race was more important • Slow change overall

  26. Ethnic Minorities Seek Equality • Latinos • 60s and 70s saw increase in immigration • Chicano Movement • Wanted to keep culture and dual heritage • Unequal schools, jobs, pay • Cesar Chavez • Migrant farm worker’s rights • United Farm Workers (UFW) • Better pay, conditions, treatment

  27. Asian Americans • Prejudice during WWII continued • Put in camps for duration of war • Created Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) • Fought for losses from time in camps • Wanted equal pay as whites • Made gains faster than any other minority

  28. Native Americans • Always looked down upon • 1871 – US didn’t recognize as independent nations • Didn’t give NA citizenship until 1924 • Suffer unemployment, suicide, poverty, alcoholism • Still claimed old lands • American Indian Movement (AIM) • Fight for NA nation’s autonomy • Sue government for land and rights • 70s – laws passed for gov. money, programs, help

  29. Counterculture:A Time of Change • Hippies – peace, love, and freedom • Felt “generation gap” with parents • 1960’s saw the Baby Boomers in school • Baby Boomers – children born in the 10 years after WWII • New clothes and music

  30. Sixties Style • Gave up structured styles of the 1950’s • Loose hair and clothes • Lots of colors and patterns • Pop Art grew out of the loud clothes • Andy Warhol “Campbell’s Soup”

  31. Sexual Revolution • Freedom in both lives and partners • Experimented with living patters • Communes and co-habitation • Fewer marriages

  32. Drugs and the 1960s • Freedom to expand minds • Hallucinations and altered perceptions • Universities developed and tested drugs on hippies • Number of overdoses skyrocketed • Famous: Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison, Jimi Hendricks • Their deaths slowed down usage • Left lasting impact on health of baby boomers

  33. Music • 1964 – The Beatles come to America • Change the way we listen • Folk Rock became trendy • Protest songs, guitars and tambourines

  34. Woodstock • August 1969 • 400,000 people in Bethel, NY • Police kept the peace, did not enforce drug laws • Music, Love, Drugs, Freedom • End of a generation

  35. Altamont • December 1969 • Altamont Speedway in California • Tried to be like Woodstock • Rolling Stones hired Hells Angels for security • Violence erupted • Changed the pace of hippie culture

  36. Environmental Movement • Silent Spring • 1958 by Rachel Carson • DDT – pesticide sprayed over much of US • Would kill everything – plants and animals • Need to change environmental policy • Outcome • DDT banned in US • Eagles put on endangered species list • People began to notice pollution • EPA founded • Clear Air and Water Act

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