Management of Tuberculosis (TB) and Multidrug-Resistant TB (MDR TB)

1. Management of Tuberculosis (TB) andMultidrug-Resistant TB (MDR TB) Monica Avendano, MD, FRCPC Associate Professor of Medicine University of Toronto Medical Director, TB Service West Park Healthcare Centre, Toronto

2. Tuberculosis is a Social Disease with a Medical Aspect. Sir William Osler in 1902 (1849-1919)

3. Worldwide Trends & the Burden of TB Disease • TB is still one of theleading causes ofdeathin low-income and middle-income countries. • TB remains athreat to public health in industrialized countries. • The worldwide burden is still growing.

4. Risk Factorswhich Perpetuate Worldwide TB • Ongoing Exposure to TB • Increasing Poverty: -Lack of or poor housing -Poor nutrition -Over crowding -No access or erratic access to healthcare • Wars and Natural Disasters • Mass Migrations usually from poor resources settings to industrialized settings

5. Tuberculosis in the World • Incidence: 9.5 million new cases/year • Prevalence: 14 million cases • 95% of cases in resource poor settings • 1.1 millions co-infection TB/ HIV (12% HIV Positive have TB) • 1.7 millions deaths/year • 98% deaths in poor resource countries WHO 2010

6. Tuberculosis in Canada(Demographically and Geographically Focused) • 1,600 Cases in 2009 • TB Rate - 4.7/100.000 • 65% of cases in Foreign Born persons- Rate 14/100.000 • 21% in First Nation People- Rate 28/100.000 • Rate in Nunavut 174/100.000 • 75% of cases are in large urban centres in Ontario, BC and Quebec • Socially marginalized groups • Rate in Atlantic Region 1/100.000

7. Management of TB • Medical Management Diagnosis Treatment Follow-up • Psychosocial Management Stigma Multicultural issues Financial implications Impact on family life

8. Management of TBDiagnosisSuspect TB/Think TB • Clinical (presenting symptoms, duration of symptoms, previous TB) • Diagnostic Imaging (X-Rays, CT Scans, MRI’s) • Bacteriology (smears, cultures) • Pathology of biopsy specimens • Epidemiological Factors

9. Management of TB • Obtain adequate clinical specimen • Drug susceptibility in first isolate • At least 3 bactericidal drugs • Adequate duration of treatment: beyond the time of sputum conversion and amelioration of symptoms • Adequate follow-up: prescribing the drugs is just the beginning • Attention to psychosocial factors

10. Treatment of TB Goals • Sterilize the lesion • Avoid development of resistance Clinical Principles • Treat with multiple drugs • Adequate dosages • Sufficient duration • Expert monitoring

11. Drug Susceptibility in TB • Fully susceptible to all first line drugs • Mono-Resistant: resistant to a single first line drug (Most frequently to Isoniazid) • Poly-Resistant: resistant to 2 or more first line drugs but not to Isoniazid and Rifampin • Multidrug-Resistant (MDR TB): resistant to Isoniazid and Rifampin • Extensively Drug-resistant (XDR TB): MDR TB with additional resistance to a quinolone and an injectable

12. Anti-TB Drugs • Group 1 - Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide,Ethambutol • Group 2 - Amikacin, Kanamycin, Capreomycin • Group 3 - F-Quinolones • Group 4 - Ethionamide, Cycloserine. PAS,Prothionamide • Group 5 - Clofazimine,Imipenem, Thioacetazone, Clavulin, Macrolides, Linezolid

13. Duration of TB Treatment

14. Poly-Resistant TBCase Study • KL, 44 year old female, born in Congo. Lived in Russia for 3 months looking after sister in a TB ward • Arrived in Canada as a refuge claimant 3 years prior to her diagnosis of TB • No previous history of TB • Gave a 1 year history of right sided chest pain and cough • 3 weeks of fever, chills, malaise and weight loss • Seen by community physician who diagnosed pneumonia Biaxin x 7 days; Levofloxacin x 7 days • Not better • Stopped working as a PSW in a seniors home • Went to an ER • Abnormal CXR: bilateral UL’s cavities • Referred to the WPHC’s TB Clinic

15. Poly-resistant TBCase Study • Admitted with presumptive diagnosis of TB • Induced Sputum: AFB+, AMTD + • Treatment with the 4 drugs from Group 1 • Culture grew in 4 weeks • M. TB resistant to Isoniazid, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide,Streptomycin, Ofloxacin and Ethionamide POLY- RESISTANT TB

16. Poly-resistant TBCase Study • Treatment modified : Rifampin iv, Amikacin iv, Imipenem iv, Clarithromycin, PAS and Clofazimine • PAS discontinued due to increased TSH • Bacteriologic conversion after 5 months of treatment • Treated for 2 years after bacteriologic conversion • Completed treatment January 2011 • Last seen March 2011. Remains well, CXR and CT Scan show scarring

17. MDR TB • > 450,000 cases identified every year • 150,000 deaths/year from a disease that could and should be curable • MDR TB is MAN MADE -Mismanagement of Fully susceptibleTB or INH resistant TB -Poor quality of drugs -Drugs shortages erratic supply - Patients not taking drugs correctly • XDR TB results from failure to properly manage MDR TB

18. MDR TB Case Study (1) LW,19 year old male, born in China Arrived in Canada as a landed immigrant In China Pulmonary TB treated for 2 years with frequent changes in his medications (Rifampin,Isoniazid, Ethambutol , Ofloxacin and Amikacin) Because of persistent disease Treatment Failure, admitted to hospital (3 months) Left Upper Lobectomy. Came to Canada 2 months after discharge from the Chinese hospital

19. MDR TB Case Study(1) In Canada Attended school in Toronto (grade 9), from November until June the following year Chest X-Ray in March (for surveillance purposes) reported abnormal. Not investigated Presented in July with productive cough, weight loss, night sweats and fatigue of 3 months duration Referred by community physician to the TB Clinic at WPHC. Abnormal Chest Radiography Admitted to WPHC from the clinic with presumptive diagnosis of MDR TB

20. MDR TB Case Study(1) On admission • Cachectic, febrile, cough +++ • Sputum Smears 4+, AMTD + • Initial Treatment : Moxifloxacin iv, Amikacin iv, Clofazimine, Cycloserine and PAS • Culture positive in 3 weeks • MDR TB with additional resistance to Ethambutol and Rifabutin

21. MDR TB Case Study(1) Slow response to the treatment At West Park for 7 months Regular follow-ups in clinic after discharge Completed 32 months of treatment in January 2011 (24 months after bacteriologic conversion) Follow-up every 3 months for the first year after treatment completion: CXR, bacteriologic update (induced sputum) and Chest CT Scan if CXR shows even minimal changes Last clinic visit April 2011. Remains well.

22. MDR TB CASE STUDY (2) • 22 years old man, Tibetan born, lived in India for 10 years, came to Canada January 2008 as a refugee claimant • No previous history of TB • Smoker, ETHOL drinker, “party boy” • September 2009: • Malaise, poor appetite, anal pain radiated to left lumbosacral area and left gluteus • Unable to walk, febrile, not responding to “Tibetan medicines” • November 15, 2009 , went to ER. • Admitted to acute care Hospital • Diagnosed: Sacral Osteomyelitis • Pus aspirated, grew anaerobes and Gram negative organisms. Treated with IV Moxifloxacin and Flagyl

23. MDR TB Case Study (2) • In Acute Care: Chest X-Ray abnormal. Sputum AFB +++ CT Scan of Chest  Posterior Segment RUL infiltrate • Bronchoscopy  Smear + • December 1st,2009, Started anti-TB Treatment: Oral Rifampin, Ethambutol and Moxifloxacin • December 15, 2009: Isoniazid and B6 added • Stools with mucus and blood • Totally unable to walk and sit down • December 21, 2009: MDR TB with additional resistance to Ethambutol, Ethionamide, Streptomycin and Rifabutin • December 22, 2009: Transferred to WPHCC

24. MDR TB Case (2) • On Admission to WPHC: Febrile, cachectic, large right thigh abscess (sacral abscess drained through the rectum and down through the abdominal muscles sheet) • Stools grew TB • Initial Phase of Treatment (6 months): IV Amikacin, Moxifloxacin and Imipenem, plus oral Pyrazinamide (x 3 months),Clofazimine,Cycloserine, Linezolid, and B6 • Continuation Phase of Treatment: Oral Moxifloxacin, Cycloserine, Clavulin B6, and Clofazimine • Bacteriologic conversion May 2010 • Resolution of abscesses

25. MDR TB Case (2) • Discharged July 30, 2010 after 7 months in hospital • Follow up every 3 months for 1 year after discharge • December 2010, significant improvement, able to ambulate with a walker, gaining weight • Last seen in Clinic April 11, 2011 - Weight gain 23 ½ kilos -Able to walk without a gait aid -Chest x-ray clear • Plan is to continue treatment until May 2012

26. MDR TB Management • Treatment should be individualized and based on drug susceptibility studies • Patient to receive all the drugs to which the infecting M.TB is susceptible. When available drugs need to be given iv • If there is past history of TB and drugs previously received are known, give at least 3 drugs (bactericidal) never used before • If drug susceptibility still unknown give at least 3 bactericidal drugs, but no Rifampin or Isoniazid • Treatment for 2 years following bacteriologic conversion • DOT mandatory • Well structured and strict follow-up • Surgery in selected cases

27. Management of MDR TB • Prolonged Hospitalization • Significant psycho-social issues • Requires increased number of drugs • Poor tolerance to the drugs • Increased drug- associated toxicity • Long term Follow-Up is necessary • Increased health care costs

28. MDR TB in Ontario Affects mainly foreign born individuals in Canada for less than 5 years Significant number of patients have previous history of TB People from countries with high burden of TB and Drug Resistant TB will continue to migrate to Canada

29. MDR TB Control • Extraordinary measures are needed in countries with the highest rates of TB and MDR TB: rapid detection, access to drugs and steady drugs supply and effective and expert care. • The only reasonable approach is strengthening TB Control worldwide to prevent MDR TB and XDR TB

30. Tuberculosis anywhere is Tuberculosis everywhere