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Ch 28-4 – Insects and Their Relatives

Ch 28-4 – Insects and Their Relatives. Uniramians – Centipedes, millipedes and insects. Characterized by one pair of antennae and appendages that don’t branch. Centipede and Millipede. Wormlike body Many leg-bearing segments. centipede. millipede. Centipedes. Carnivores

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Ch 28-4 – Insects and Their Relatives

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  1. Ch 28-4 – Insects and Their Relatives

  2. Uniramians – Centipedes, millipedes and insects Characterized by one pair of antennae and appendages that don’t branch

  3. Centipede and Millipede • Wormlike body • Many leg-bearing segments centipede millipede

  4. Centipedes • Carnivores • Poison claws in head • Eat arthropods, earthworms, snakes, mice • Have ONE pair of legs per segment (not necessarily 100 legs!) • Have venomous bites against predators

  5. Cenitpede eating tarantula

  6. Centipede poison claw

  7. Centiped protecting hatchling

  8. Millipede • Two pair of legs per segment • Herbivores • Feed on dead and dying plant material • Protect themselves by rolling into a ball or use “nasty chemicals” to dissuade their predators

  9. Millipedes

  10. Millipede Many legs!!

  11. Millipede

  12. Millipede eating

  13. Protection

  14. Insects • Have 3-part body • 3 pairs of legs attached to thorax

  15. Feeding • 3 pairs of appendages used as mouthparts • One is the mandible • Amazing modifications of the mouthparts

  16. mouthparts

  17. Other modifications for feeding – mosquitos saliva – anticoagulant

  18. Bees legs and bodies are covered in hair for collecting pollen

  19. Bees have glands in abdomen that secrete wax to build bee hives for food storage and larvae nurseries • Bee saliva changes nectar into honey

  20. movement • Three pairs of walking legs are greatly varied • Many insects have highly specialized legs for jumping and capturing prey

  21. flight • Flying ability varies greatly • Butterflies have limited manoeuvrability

  22. Certain flies, bees and moths can fly extremely well

  23. Thorax is filled with large muscles for wings

  24. Adaptations for flight • Enlarged thorax for muscles • Oversized mitochondria supply muscle cells with energy • Special blood supply to wing muscles keep muscles warm (sometimes warmer than outside) for optimal efficiency

  25. Clear wing butterfly

  26. Insect colonies • Collections of individuals of the same species that live together • SOCIETIES are colonies where individuals are DEPENDENT on the others for survival

  27. Ant Colony ANTS!

  28. Termites, wasps, bees and ants form societies • Have division of labour • Different individuals (called castes) will have specialized bodies to perform their task in the society

  29. Examples of castes: • reproductive females (queens) • reproductive males • Workers • warriors Termite Queen  workers

  30. Termite soldier Worker

  31. QUEEN

  32. Reproductive males ONLY fertilize the eggs • In BEE SOCIETIES, the queen mates with one or more males only ONCE. • She receives all the sperm she needs in that mating • The successful reproductive male then dies • All unsuccessful reproductive males are turned out of the hive, and soon die

  33. Workers do all the work for the hive • Bee workers are all female and are able to do all jobs (except reproduce) • Ant and termite workers are specialized for specific jobs

  34. Insect Communication • Non-social insects communicate mainly to find mate only • Cricket males rub their forelegs together • Male cicadas buzz by vibrating a membrane on their abdomen

  35. Male fireflies produce a series of light flashes • The wingless females (glow worms) flash back their reply, and the males will find them • (sometimes another genus will mimic this signal and prey on the expectant male)

  36. Many female moths produce pheromones to attract their male

  37. Social insects have more complicated communication systems • Pheromones are often used • Ex. Ants drag their abdomen all the way home from a food source to leave a trail for other ants to find the food

  38. The Queen Bee produces “queen substance” that prevents other females being able to lay eggs • When queen substance is low in the hive, the worker bees will feed a few female larvae a special diet which causes these larvae to develop into queens

  39. Worker bees “dance” to tell other workers where they found food • Two basic dances: the round dance and the waggle dance

  40. The Round Dance • The bee walks in a circle, then retraces that circle in the opposite direction • Means that food is within 50 meters of the hive • Good quality food will be indicated by more frequent changes of direction • The kind of flower found is determined by smelling the messenger

  41. The Waggle Dance • The bee wiggles her abdomen while walking in a straight line • She circles around and wiggles back up the same line • She will then circle around on the other side of the line, and repeats

  42. The waggle dance means that the food source found is more than 50 meters away from the hive • The direction of the straight line is the direction the other bees must travel away from the hive to find the food

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