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Neuroscience. Chapter 2. I. Parts of the Brain. The Lobes – divide the brain into 4 major sections by fissures Frontal Lobe – area of the brain associated with higher mental abilities, movement, personality and the sense of smell
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Neuroscience Chapter 2
I. Parts of the Brain • The Lobes – divide the brain into 4 major sections by fissures • Frontal Lobe – area of the brain associated with higher mental abilities, movement, personality and the sense of smell • Contains the Motor Strip – portion of the brain that controls body movement – can be stimulated through electrical impulse • Importance to the body denotes designation of space in the MS • Frontal Association Area • Interprets & evaluates your environment – what is going on, what to feel, makes sense of things going on around you • Size reflects intelligence • Damage to this portion can create serious problems with a persons personality (inappropriate emotions, socially unacceptable behavior, fewer inhibitions, failure to make long-term plans, easily distracted, difficulty understanding a string of facts or events)
The Lobes Cont. • Parietal Lobe – Portion of the brain where body sensations register (touch, temperature, pressure etc) • Contains the Sensory Strip – provides and registers sensation • Occipital Lobes – responsible for processing and interpreting visual information • When damaged it effects what and how well a person can see • Temporal Lobe – contains centers for hearing and some language functions
B. The Hemispheres • Hemispheres – The sides of the brain divided by a large lengthwise fissure, both hemispheres work together on most tasks • Corpus Callosum– connects and allows for communication between the right and left hemisphere • When this is cut most communication between the 2 halves is cut off • Dominance – this is the side of the brain that is preferred over the other • The hemisphere that is dominant controls most actions and fine motor skills • If you are left handed you are right brain dominant etc
Hemispheres cont. • Left Hemisphere Tasks – local view • Handles verbal and speech material, like encoding and syntax some logic and writing, superior at judging time, math, rhythm & coordinating complex movements like those associated with speech • Mainly involved in analysis and processing information sequentially • Right Hemisphere Tasks – global view • Can produce only basic speech and numbers • Deals with objects in space, recognizing patterns, faces, and melodies, putting together a puzzle and drawing a picture, some mathematical reasoning • Helps express emotions and detect emotions of others • Chances are these people will be better at nonverbal activities, specializes in imagery • Processes material simultaneously and holistically
C. The Cerebrum and the Cerebral Cortex • The outermost layer of the brain – the gray matter • Includes hemispheres, lobes and the frontal association area • Controls very high-level thought and takes up 2/3rds of the brains nerve cells (100 billion) • Responsible for voluntary movements, sensations, learning, remembering, consciousness etc. • Corticalization – the increase in the size and wrinkles of the brain • small correlation between brain size and intelligence (not between humans & humans but humans and other animals)
D. The Lower Brain • The Lower Brain - communicates back and forth with the cerebral cortex for non-automatic human responses • The Thalamus – acts as a sensory relay station sending and receiving information to other parts of the brain (vision, hearing, taste & touch) damage can cause blindness, deafness, etc (not smell) • The Cerebellum – primarily regulates posture, muscle tone & muscular coordination • Stores memories related to skills and habits (class schedules, driving directions) • Damage – walking, running, playing catch are impossible, area of the brain where degenerative diseases effect coordinated motor function
The Lower Brain Cont. • The Hypothalamus – control center for emotions and basic motives - helps control rage, pleasure, hunger and sexual desire, temperature control • Reticular Activating System – works to catch nerve impulses from the brain to the body and back • Affects your alertness, sorts & prioritizes nerve impulses, controls reflexes involved in breathing, sneezing, coughing, and vomiting, and affects muscle tone, posture, and movement of the head, eyes, face & body • Bombards the cortex with stimulation keeping it active and alert
II. Brain Communication A. Neuron – the nerve cell of the brain • Dendrite – short fibers that act as receptors, receiving messages from other nerve cells • Axon – longer fiber that carries messages from the cell to other neurons B. Synapse – space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron • Vesicle – bubble like containers that hold chemical molecules called neurotransmitters
Brain Communication cont. C. Neurotransmitters – send messages over the synapse to the dendrite receptor • Acetylcholine – type of neurotransmitter that affects body movements (food poisoning) • Dopamine – neurotransmitters involved in the control of body movements (Parkinson’s disease) • Endorphins – neurotransmitter that relieves pain and increases your sense of well-being (ecstasy & other drugs)
C. The Spinal Cord • The neurons in the spinal cord are short, direct and powerful. • have few synapses – shorter time for information to be received and an action to occur • reflex – activation of the muscle(s) before the message is received by the brain (dropping a baby)
III. The Endocrine System • The Pituitary Gland – small bean shaped gland attached to and controlled by the hypothalamus • Responsible for sending messages to other glands to activate them • Responsible for determining the height of the person • The gland creates a growth hormone which appears in the body’s system sporadically resulting in on and off growth spurts • Can be effected by the environment and diet of the individual • Thyroid Gland – located in the neck this gland controls a persons metabolism • This affects the rate a which a person’s body operate, inactive thyroid = a sluggish person, a overactive thyroid = jumpy and hyper person
III. The Endocrine System cont. • The Adrenal Gland – located on the right and left side of the body above the kidneys • Responsible for putting adrenaline in to the bloodstream • Affects us by increasing breathing, blood pressure, muscles tension & energy level • Will also release a chemical that allows for the faster clotting of blood • This happens during testing or any other high anxiety time (fight or flight reaction) • TIP: to decrease test anxiety force yourself to take slow deep breaths, this will stimulate brain activity instead of shutting it down to prepare for an emergency
III. The Endocrine System cont. • The Gonads – sex glands located in the testis in males and the ovaries in females • Androgen – the male hormone that stimulates the growth of hair, the deepening of the voice and the production of sperm • Starts the sex drive of both males and females • Sex drive is taken over by the cortex which allows us to associate other emotions like love and caring with the act of intercourse • Estrogen – the female hormone that causes the production of eggs the enlargement of the mammary glands and the menstrual cycle to begin • Both of these hormones are produced in the gonads and released during the middle teenage years
IV. The Nervous System • The nervous system is our body’s electro-chemical information network (interstate highway) • Central Nervous system – includes our brain and spinal cord • Peripheral Nervous system – links the CNS with the body’s sense receptors, muscles and glands. • Axons – are grouped & bundled as cables that shoot messages back and forth along our nerves
Types of Neurons • Sensory neurons - gather and send info to the CNS • Motor Neurons – sends messages from the CNS to the body’s tissues and muscles • Inter Neurons – communicate between the sensory neurons and motor neurons
Peripheral Nervous System • Somatic Nervous System - • Autonomatic Nervous System – • Sympathetic – • Parasympathetic -