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POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION BEYOND THE BLUES

INCIDENCE OF DEPRESSION . Each year, 15% to 20% of adults in the United States experience a major depressionThe incidence among women is twice that of men and peaks between 18 to 44 years of age - the childbearing years . DEPRESSION IN WOMEN. Women are at increased risk of mood disorders during p

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POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION BEYOND THE BLUES

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    1. POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION BEYOND THE BLUES Debby Carapezza, R.N., M..S.N. Nurse Consultant, Reproductive Health Program Utah Department of Health

    2. INCIDENCE OF DEPRESSION Each year, 15% to 20% of adults in the United States experience a major depression The incidence among women is twice that of men and peaks between 18 to 44 years of age - the childbearing years

    3. DEPRESSION IN WOMEN Women are at increased risk of mood disorders during periods of hormonal fluctuation- premenstrual postpartum perimenopausal

    4. THE RANGE OF POST-DELIVERY MOOD DISORDERS 50% to 80% of women experience transient “baby blues” within the first two weeks following delivery 0.1% to 0.2% of women experience postpartum psychosis usually within the first 4 weeks following delivery

    5. POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION 6.8% to 16.5% of women experience postpartum depression (PPD) also known as postpartum major depression (PMD) Onset can be as early as 24 hours or as late as several months following delivery

    6. SYMPTOMS OF POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION

    7. RANGE OF SYMPTOMS Symptoms range- from mild dysphoria to suicidal ideation to psychotic depression

    8. DURATION OF SYMPTOMS Untreated, symptoms can last: several months into the second year postpartum

    9. THE ETIOLOGY OF POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION Various theories based in physiological changes have been postulated: hormonal excesses or deficiencies of estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, thyroxine, tryptophan, among others

    10. ETIOLOGY OF POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION Other theories cite numerous psychosocial factors associated with PMD: marital conflict child-care difficulties (feeding, sleeping, health problems) perception by mother of an infant with a difficult temperament history of family or personal depression

    11. POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION IN UTAH What can PRAMS data tell us?

    12. INDICDENCE OF POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION AMONG 2000 UTAH PRAMS RESPONDENTS 24.1% of PRAMS respondents indicated that in the months after delivery they were moderately to very depressed

    13. When the results of the survey are weighted to represent all 47,331 Utah women who had a live birth in 2000, this means an estimated 11,416 women reported being moderately or very depressed.

    14. Higher rates of depression were noted among women who:

    15. THE IMPACT OF POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION

    16. LONG TERM CONSEQUENCES OF PMD Negative impact on the infant ‘s social, emotional and cognitive development 2 month old infants of mothers with PMD had decreased cognitive ability and expressed more negative emotions during testing

    17. LONG TERM CONSEQUENCES OF PMD Babies of mothers with PMD were perceived by their mothers as more difficult to care for and more bothersome.

    18. POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION & MATERNAL MORTALITY IN UTAH In recent years, there have been two maternal deaths due to suicide by women within one year of giving birth. Neither woman had been screened for postpartum depression

    19. RISK FACTORS FOR PMD

    20. INTERVENTIONS SCREENING FOR PMD

    21. SCREEN ALL POSTPARTUM WOMEN FOR PMD BECAUSE A WOMAN MAY: Be unable to recognize she is depressed

    22. SCREEN ALL POSTPARTUM WOMEN FOR PMD BECAUSE A WOMAN MAY: Believe her symptoms are “normal” for new moms

    23. SCREEN ALL POSTPARTUM WOMEN FOR PMD BECAUSE A WOMAN MAY: Fear being labeled a “bad mother” if she admits her maternal experience does not meet society’s picture of bliss

    24. SCREEN ALL POSTPARTUM WOMEN FOR PMD BECAUSE A WOMAN MAY: Feel she is going crazy and fears her baby will be taken from her

    25. WHEN TO SCREEN FOR PMD At preconception visit During prenatal intake & subsequent visits During postpartum exams During infant’s WCC & WIC visits When infant is seen for sick care or in ER At early intervention home visits At family planning visits during the first year postpartum At mother’s visits for routine episodic care

    26. SCREENING TOOLS There are several tools available: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) The Mills Depression & Anxiety Checklist The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) Others, often on various websites for mental health

    27. A WORD ABOUT SCREENING TOOLS! Be familiar with the tool - its validity and limitations Have a referral network available for women screening positive Document the screening and any referrals made Follow-up with your client to assure that she received needed assistance

    28. EDINBURGH POSTNATAL DEPRESSION SCALE (EPDS) Designed for home or outpatient use Consists of 10 questions Can be completed in approx. 5 minutes Reviews feelings the previous 7 days Scored 0-3 depending on symptom severity Depending on study, cut off is 13 - 9 points

    29. SAMPLE EPDS QUESTIONS 1. I have been able to laugh & see the funny side of things As much as I always could Not quite so much now Definitely not so much not Not at all

    30. SAMPLE EPDS QUESITONS (Cont.) *3. I have blamed myself unnecessarily when things went wrong Yes, most of the time Yes, some of the time Not very often No never

    31. SAMPLE EPDS QUESTIONS (Cont.) *6. Things have been getting on top of me Yes, most of the time I haven’t been able to cope at all Yes, sometimes I haven’t been coping as well as usual No, most of the time I have coped as well as ever No, I have been coping as well as ever

    32. TREATMENT 1. Educate the woman and her support system regarding the diagnosis of postpartum depression.

    33. TREATMENT OPTIONS Pharmacological intervention Counseling, individual and/or group Support groups

    34. PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTION Use of tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be indicated for both non-nursing and nursing mothers Have low incidence of infant toxicity and adverse effects during breastfeeding* Decisions regarding use while breastfeeding must be on a case by case basis

    35. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS: Provider must be familiar with agents and the hepatic function of mother and infant Client must be informed of risks/benefits of treatment Vs. no treatment for herself and her infant unknown impact of long-term use of medications on neurodevelopment of infant

    36. Other Considerations - Cont. If the woman chooses to breastfeed while on psychotropics, she should work collaboratively with a psychiatrist and her pediatrician If the infant experiences insomnia or other behavior changes, his serum should be assayed for the presence of medication Document all discussions regarding treatment in the client’s chart

    37. TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION PATIENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS Pharmacological treatment of depression can be effective. Unfortunately, it can also be expensive. Costs of antidepressants vary depending on the drug, dose and pharmacy. Paxil® 20mg qd X 30 Days = $85.39 Prozac® 20mg qd X 30 Days = $67.79 (generic) Zoloft® 50mg qd X 30 days = $75.00 Elavil®, at approximately 75mg qd X 30 days = $11.39 (generic) or $37.89 (brand).

    38. COUNSELING Know referral sources in your locale, especially those that: accept Medicaid utilize a sliding fee will develop a payment plan with the client offer free counseling Be familiar with indigent drug programs available through various pharmaceutical manufacturers

    39. Counseling - Cont. Any woman with symptoms of psychosis or with serious suicidal/homicidal ideation should be referred for emergency psychiatric evaluation

    40. SUPPORT GROUPS Numerous postpartum support groups are available. Contact: Local mental health agencies Hospitals Websites

    41. WEBSITE INFO & SUPPORT Depression After Delivery - http://www.depressionafterdelivery.com Postpartum Support International -http://www.postpartum.net/ The Postpartum Stress Center -http://www.postpartumstress.com/ Postpartum Education for Parents -http://www.sbpep.org Office on Women’s Health -http://www.4women.gov-pregnancy-after the baby is born-PPD

    42. Websites and Other Resources Mental Health Association in Utah http://www.xmission.com/~mhaut/ For information on medication while breastfeeding, call Pregnancy RiskLine: In Salt Lake City: 328-BABY (2229) Outside Salt Lake: 1-800-822-BABY (2229)

    43. SUMMARY Postpartum depression: is relatively common may have long-term consequences for mother, infant & family is easily missed should be screened for can be treated successfully

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