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Famous Social Scientists

Famous Social Scientists. Review. Piaget. Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor (birth → 2) Object permanence Direct sensory experience Preoperational (2 → 7) Simple symbols Egocentric Concrete Operational (7 → 11) Conservation/Complex Operations See others’ point of view

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Famous Social Scientists

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  1. Famous Social Scientists Review

  2. Piaget • Stages of Cognitive Development • Sensorimotor (birth → 2) • Object permanence • Direct sensory experience • Preoperational (2 → 7) • Simple symbols • Egocentric • Concrete Operational (7 → 11) • Conservation/Complex Operations • See others’ point of view • Formal Operational (12 →) • Abstract thought • Use of logic and evidence

  3. Freud Superego Id Ego • Defense Mechanisms • Deny/distort reality • Act unconsciously

  4. Freud http://www.discunlimited.com/images/company_assets/512f1c7f-0d64-4a5e-9d91-785dc064755f/Image/Research/FreudsIcebergModel.bmp

  5. Freud • Id – pleasure principle - innate • Ego – reality principle - learned • Superego – “conscience” - learned • If Ego can’t maintain balance between Id and Superego, then defense mechanisms • Psychoanalysis • dream analysis, hypnosis and free associations • reveal unconscious

  6. Freud • Stages of Psychosexual Development • Oral Stage (0-1 year) • Anal Stage (1-3 years) • Phallic Stage (3-5/6 years) • Latency Period (5/6 – puberty) • Genital Stage (puberty – maturity) • The events of psychosexual development may lead to fixations later on in adult life

  7. Jung • Unconscious split into individual and collective • Individual Unconscious • contains selfish drives and individual experience • Collective Unconscious • Archetypes – common to all • Two personality types • Extrovert – desire and interest directed to others • Introvert – desire and interest directed to self http://www.jungneworleans.org/images/JungMandalaLarge.jpg

  8. Maslow • Theory of motivation – Hierarchy of Human Needs • Needs range from low (food and water) to high (self actualization) • Lower needs must be met before higher ones http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs.svg/800px-Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs.svg.png

  9. Erikson • Focused on child development • Concerned with identity crises • Contributed eight stages of life • Each stage offers a crisis that must be resolved • Success at later stages depends on ability to resolve earlier crises • Overcoming crises successfully leads to healthy personality development • Inability to resolve crises can lead to unhealthy development • Personality develops through lifetime • Expands on Freud’s infancy theories • Extends development to late adulthood

  10. Adler • motivating force is sense of inferiority • People strive for perfection • People try to overcome with compensation • Striving towards perfection or superiority • Compensation can be too great (overcompensation – superiority complex) • Birth Order can influence personality http://cheekygen.blogspot.com/2008/06/birth-order-and-siblings-rivalry.html

  11. Sheldon • Behavior explained by body type • Endomorph – round • Mesomorph – muscular • Ectomorph – thin • Temperament is related to body type • Somatotypes http://www.umsl.edu/~keelr/pics/somato3.jpg

  12. Kohlberg • Piaget found 2 stages of moral thought • moral realism – concern with consequences • moral autonomy – concern with reasons • Morality motivates behavior • Extended Piaget’s 2 stages to 6

  13. Gilligan • Responded to Piaget and Kohlberg • Almost exclusively researched males • Found different moral perspectives among genders • Male – Justice orientation – rights, principles, rules, … • Female – Care orientation – concern, sensitivity, … • Preconventional stage – individual survival • Transition from selfishness to responsibility for others • Conventional Stage – self sacrifice • Transition from goodness to truth • Postconventional - nonviolence

  14. Marx • Motivation by economic conditions • Economic conditions affect other social structures (religion, politics, art,…) • Wrote Communist Manifesto • Outlined struggle in which proletariat is exploited by bourgeoisie – class struggle • Proletariat sells labour to owner, who enjoy surplus value • Proletariat – large group of working class • Bourgeoisie – small group of owners • Suggested revolution by working class and ultimately a classless society

  15. Durkheim • Emphasis on social structure • Society (exterior to individual) can explain social behavior • Social stability found in common religion and morality • Loss leads to confusion (Anomie) • Explained suicide as result of anomie, over association, or under association • Strong social ties tend to reduce likelihood of suicide • Excessive social ties can increase the likelihood of suicide

  16. Weber • Reaction to Marx • Motivation not by economic condition but meaning (religion) • Examined relationship between religion and economy • Found capitalism thrives under western religions (but not eastern) – Protestant work ethic • Study of social structures alone cannot explain human behavior • Study of Sociology must be a mix of interpretation and experience

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