Pedernal Jemerson G ICT Network Specialist Palawan State University

1. PedernalJemerson G ICT Network Specialist Palawan State University @2012 by PedernalJemerson G. jemersonpedernal@gmail.com http://.jemersonpedernal.weebly.com

2. Chapter 1 Introduction • The development of modern computer technology has been made possible by • Human Nature • Technological Advances • Theoretical Advances • This presentation takes a brief look at the human journey from prehistory to today with the focus on the development of the theory and practise of computing @2012 by Pedernal Jemerson G.

3. Pre-Mechanical Computing • From Counting on fingers • to hash marks in sand • to pebbles • to hash marks on walls • to hash marks on bone

4. Natural Patterns & Counting • People notice patterns : this is how we learn from infancy. • The first primitive counting mechanisms were developed to keep track of and predict seasons etc using the patterns observed in movement of the Sun, Moon, Stars etc • Early counting devices included notches on sticks, knots in string and marks on walls. @2012 by Pedernal Jemerson G.

5. Magic & Counting • The ability to accurately predict natural events was a source of power in early human society • People who could do so would strengthen their claim to supernatural privilege and/or power • Record keeping was needed to help in accurate predictions and transmission of knowledge. • Markings on antlers and bones indicate that people made notations of the phases of the moon as long as 30,000 years ago and suggest that the cave rituals and other cultural practices had a seasonal or periodical orientation. @2012 by Pedernal Jemerson G.

6. Monumental Calendars • The monumental structure, Stonehenge, was built in prehistoric England about 2800 BCE, • Stonehenge is oriented towards equinoxes, solstices and lunar eclipses during the equinox • This suggests usage as a complex permanent calendar. • Stonehenge is just one of many similar monuments. @2012 by Pedernal Jemerson G.

7. Early Counting Devices • 6000 B.C. [ca]: Ishango bone type of tally stick in use • 4000­1200 B.C.: Inhabitants of the first known civilization in Sumer keep records of commercial transactions on clay tablets • These tablets are more than 4500 years old, from the dawn of civilized urban existence and they deal with accounts and tax records! (Taxes and death are always with us) @2012 by Pedernal Jemerson G.

8. Towards Mechanising calculations:The Abacus The Abacus are the earliest known counting/calculation instruments. • Used to aid mental calculations • 3000 BCE: The abacus is invented in Babylonia • Used by Greeks and Romans • Refined to suit counting system of each culture • Abacus were also developed by Native American cultures @2012 by Pedernal Jemerson G.

9. Towards Mechanising calculations: Chinese Abacus • Chinese used and refined abacus technology over a long period • Chinese abacus (or suanpan): very efficient suanpan techniques have been developed to do multiplication, division, addition, subtraction, square root and cube root operations at high speed. @2012 by Pedernal Jemerson G.

10. The Hindu Zero and Place Value • The Hindu civilization of India was alone among the ancients in developing a usable representation for numbers (about 2000 years ago) • They also developed the concept of ZERO and with it the idea of place value. • This enabled them to develop a high degree of skill in algebra. • These concepts are critical to the binary system used in modern computers @2012 by Pedernal Jemerson G.

11. Mechanical computers:The Abacus (c. 3000 BCE)

12. Napier’s Bones andLogarithms (1617) Picture courtesy IBM

13. Oughtred’s (1621) and Schickard‘s (1623]slide rule

14. Blaise Pascal’sPascaline (1645)

15. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz’sStepped Reckoner (1674)

16. Joseph-Marie Jacquard and his punched card controlled looms (1804)

17. Preparing the cards with the pattern for the cloth to be woven

18. Charles Babbage (1791-1871)The Father of Computers

19. Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine

20. Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine

21. Lady Augusta AdaCountess of Lovelace Read Lady Augusta Ada’s translation of Menabrea’s Sketch of the Analytical Engine

22. Electro-mechanical computers From Herman Hollerith’s 1890 Census Counting Machine to Howard Aiken and the Harvard Mark I (1944)

23. Herman Hollerith and hisCensus Tabulating Machine (1884)

24. A closer look at the Census Tabulating Machine

25. The Harvard Mark I (1944)aka IBM’s Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC)

26. The first computer bug Rear Admiral Dr. Grace Murray Hopper

27. Electronic digital computers From John Vincent Atanasoff’s 1939 Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) to the present day

28. Alan Turing1912-1954 The Turing Machine Aka The Universal Machine 1936

29. John Vincent Atanasoff (1903-1995) Physics Prof At Iowa State University, Ames, IA

30. Clifford Berry (1918-1963) PhD student of Dr. Atanasoff’s

31. 1939The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) The ABC was the first electronic digital computer, invented by John Vincent Atanasoff

32. 1943 Bletchley Park’s Colossus The Enigma Machine

33. 1946The ENIAC John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John Mauchly (1907-1980) of the University of Pennsylvania Moore School of Engineering

34. The ENIAC:Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

35. Programming the ENIAC

36. ENIAC’s Wiring! John Von Neumann John Von Neumann came up with the bright idea of using part of the computer’s internal memory (called Primary Memory) to “store” the program inside the computer and have the computer go get the instructions from its own memory, just as we do with our human brain.

37. 1951Univac Typical 1968 prices—EX-cluding maintenance & support!

38. Unit Quiz • Get ¼ sheet of Yellow Paper • Multiple Choice Type Quiz • Write the following on top of your paper • Do not erase you answer, erasure will be considered as wrong answer. @2012 by Pedernal Jemerson G.

39. Next Unit Unit 2 What is a Computer? Prepared by: PedernalJemerson G ICT Network Specialist Palawan State University @2012 by Pedernal Jemerson G.