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AP Biology

AP Biology. Tests back Chapter 11. Cell Communication. No Distance. Short Distance. Long Distance. Signal Transduction Pathway. 1. Messenger 2. Receptor 3. Transduction 4. Secondary Messengers 5. Cell Targets. AP Biology- take out notes and Study guides .

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AP Biology

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  1. AP Biology Tests back Chapter 11

  2. Cell Communication No Distance Short Distance Long Distance

  3. Signal Transduction Pathway 1. Messenger 2. Receptor 3. Transduction 4. Secondary Messengers 5. Cell Targets

  4. AP Biology- take out notes and Study guides  Signal Transduction Pathway

  5. Effects of Changes in Pathways Signal Disruption Pathways Disruptions Poison Diabetes

  6. Cell Division Ch. 12 • Cell division- reproduction of cells • Cell cycle- life of cell • Chromosomes- DNA in packed structures • Chromatin- DNA and proteins • Somatic cells- # of chromosomes per body cell (all except reproductive) • Gametes- reproductive cells (half of the somatic #) • Sister Chromatids- duplicated chromosome joined by centromere

  7. Mitosis- division of genetic material • Cytokinesis- division of cytoplasm • Animals – cleavage furrow • Plants – Cell plate

  8. Phases of Cell Cycle

  9. Cleavage VS Plate

  10. Binary Fission • Binary Fission- Division in half (prokaryotes) • Origin of Replication

  11. Cell Cycle Control System • Cell cycle is regulated by internal and external signals • Checkpoint- control point where stop and go signals occur • G1 • S • G2 • G0

  12. Cyclin and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases • Protein kinases are enzymes that activate or inactivate proteins by phosphorylating them • To be activated the kinase must be attached to a cyclin • Because these kinases are dependent upon attachment of cyclin they are known as cyclin-dependent kinases or Cdks.

  13. Cells respond to • “maturation-promoting factors” this is what triggers the cell’s passage past each checkpoint • Growth hormone • Density-dependent inhibition- Uncontrolled cell growth-

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