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Biodiversity

Biodiversity describes the variety of biological organisms in a given habitat, area, or ecosystem. Biodiversity. Bio - Life Diversity - Variety. Levels of Biodiversity. Ecosystem Diversity Species Diversity Genetic Diversity. Ecosystem.

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Biodiversity

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  1. Biodiversity describes the variety of biological organisms in a given habitat, area, or ecosystem. Biodiversity • Bio - Life • Diversity - Variety

  2. Levels of Biodiversity • Ecosystem Diversity • Species Diversity • Genetic Diversity

  3. Ecosystem An ecosystem is a community of living organisms, such as plants and animals, along with their environment, that is all interrelated.

  4. Specialist or Generalist? • Bobcat • Pronghorn • Black-tailed jackrabbit • Painted turtle

  5. Specialist or Generalist?

  6. Species A species is a group of organisms with a unique set of characteristics, such as shape or behavior, that distinguishes them from all other organisms.

  7. Biodiversity Hotspots

  8. Species diversity • To measure stability to determine if an environment is degrading • To compare two or more environments

  9. Species Richness The number of species in a particular place.

  10. Species EvennessThe relative quantities orproportions of individuals belonging to the different species. • The number of species in the area (numerator) • The total number of individuals in the area (denominator ) 4 = .33 12 Is the community comprised of mainly one species or is a mix of several DIVERSE species?

  11. 2 = .17 12

  12. 5 = 1 5 Results closer to 1 are an indicator of greater species evenness.

  13. Simpson’s Index • Many diversity indices have been developed that combine different measures of biodiversity. One is called the Simpson’s Index. • The Simpson’s Index includes BOTH species richness and species evenness in a single number.

  14. How to Calculate Simpson’s Index • D is the Simpson’s Index • n is the total number of organisms of a particular species • N is the total number of organisms of all species • ∑ means “add up”! ∑ n(n - 1) D = N(N - 1)

  15. Let’s Try an Example • You have studied a specific site, and have counted the individuals of five different species. • n is the total number of organisms of a particular species. n

  16. Simpson’s Index n - 1 n(n - 1) n = ∑ n(n - 1) D N(N - 1) ∑ n(n - 1) = 264

  17. Simpson’s Index 264 ∑ n(n - 1) D = = N(N - 1) N(N - 1) N = total number of all individuals = 35 N - 1 = 34 N(N - 1) = 1190 264 D 0.22184 = = 1190 This area would score 0.22184 on the Simpson’s Index. The scale ranges from 0–1, with 1 representing the lowest biodiversity. Therefore, the score for this area indicates a high level of biodiversity.

  18. Genetic Diversity Variety of genes within and between different species.

  19. Cheetah • About 10,000 years ago all but one species of the cheetah.

  20. Our Diversity Loose Attached Widow’s Peak Regular Hitchhiker

  21. Our Diversity

  22. (L) Loose lobes • (tt) Straight hair • (C) Can curl • (mm) No hair • (E) Dark eyes • (ww) No peak • (B) bent finger • Number

  23. Biodiversity:The Spice of Life

  24. Why Is Biodiversity Important? • For medical and economic reasons. • Biodiversity helps maintain important ecological processes that help support life on earth. • Our lives would not be as rich if we lost species. • All species have a right to exist. • No generation has the right to destroy resources that future generations will depend on. • Is important for inspiring inventors and artists and for spurring curiosity and imagination. • Is important for recreational activities. • Other?

  25. Risks for Loss of Biodiversity • HabitatLoss • Invasive Species • Pollution • PopulationGrowth • Overcomsumption

  26. Extinct - Extirpated A species is considered extinct if it has not been seen in the wild for at least fifty years. 1681 10,000 years ago

  27. Endangered Species which are at a high risk of becoming extinct in the near future, if nothing is done to improve their situation. Selkirk Mountain Caribou Sockeye salmon

  28. Threatened Species Species which are likely to become endangered within the next 25 years, if nothing is done to improve their situation. Grizzly Bear Northern Idaho ground squirrel Canada Lynx

  29. Candidate Species Greater Sage Grouse North American wolverine

  30. Sensitive Species Species for which population viability is a concern. Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Northern Leopard Frog Pygmy Rabbit Townsend's Big-eared Bat

  31. Canada Lynx(Threatened) The lynx requires large areas of forest to hunt, and those areas are getting smaller due to development.

  32. Yellow-billed Cuckoo(Candidate) Logging, cattle grazing, dams, water diversions, water pumping and pollution have destroyed the West's rivers and riparian forests.

  33. Ute’s Ladies Tresses Perennial orchid. Grows in moist soils along streams or springs. Threatened Spiranthes diluvialis

  34. Pygmy Rabbit (Globally Imperiled) • Pygmy Rabbits are sagebrush obligates.

  35. Greater Sage-Grouse(Candidate) • Throughout their lives, sage grouse are found in or near sagebrush.

  36. Townsend’s Big-Eared Bat(State sensitive) • Habitat loss • Sensitive to human disturbance • Pesticides and other environmental contaminants destroy the prey base.

  37. Northern Leopard Frog(Rangewide Impaired Species) Water pollution (herbicide, fertilizer, and mosquito control), bull frogs and predatory fish like bass (introduced), Red-leg Disease Meadow Frog

  38. Review • Biodivesity • Species • Ecosystem • HIPPO • Extinct • Extirpated • Threatened

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