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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. Prenatal Development. 4.1 The Developing baby. Main Idea: A man’s sperm fertilizes a woman’s egg to begin developing an infant. There are many contraception methods available. Vocabulary Ovum Uterus Fallopian Tubes Sperm Contraception Chromosome Gene Genome DNA

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 Prenatal Development

  2. 4.1 The Developing baby • Main Idea: • A man’s sperm fertilizes a woman’s egg to begin developing an infant. There are many contraception methods available. • Vocabulary • Ovum • Uterus • Fallopian Tubes • Sperm • Contraception • Chromosome • Gene • Genome • DNA • Infertility • Surrogate • Prenatal Development • Zygote • Embryo • Amniotic Fluid • Placenta • Umbilical Cord • Fetus

  3. Conception • About every 28 days, an ovum is released by one of the woman’s ovaries. • Ovum: is an egg cell • This release is part of the woman’s menstrual cycle and is called ovulation. • Uterus:is the organ in a woman’s body in which a baby develops • It is pair shaped and is able to expand during pregnancy. • Inner lining of the uterus grows and thickens, if the ovum is not fertilized, the lining breaks and passes through the body • Bleeding that woman experience during menstrual cycle. • When an ovum is released it moves through the fallopian tube into the uterus. • Fallopian Tube: is a tube that connects the ovary to the uterus. (2-3 days)

  4. Conception continued • The male cell is known as sperm. • When the sperm reach the fallopian tube, it may penetrate and fertilize the ovum. • This process of the sperm fertilizing the ovum is known as conception. • Ovum usually live to 12 to 24 hours; while sperm can live up to 72 hours. • Pregnancy begins at this time; and lasts up to 9 months. • Ectopic Pregnancy- is one which the baby starts to grow somewhere other than the uterus. (Fallopian Tube). • Very dangerous for mother; do not end in live birth.

  5. Methods of family planning • ABSTINENCE • Hormonal Implants • Hormonal Patch • Hormonal Injections • Intrauterine Device (IUD) • Vaginal Implant • Birth Control Pills • Condom • Diaphragm • Cervical Cap • Natural Family Planning • Spermicide • **pg. 94

  6. CONTRACEPTION COMPARISON

  7. CONTRACEPTION • Also referred to as birth control • Methods to help prevent pregnancy • The only 100% effective method is ABSTINENCE

  8. ABSTINENCE • 100% effective • Reduced risk of STIs • Allows you a chance to get to know person better

  9. Methods that should NOT be considered reliable methods of contraceptive • Withdrawal • Douching

  10. NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING (RHYTHM) Calendar method 53-76% effective Temperature method 80% effective Couples do not have intercourse at or near the time the female is ovulating Ovulation occurs 14 days after her menstrual cycle.

  11. NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING Can put pressure on the relationship Requires careful record keeping Nothing to get Only method accepted by some religions

  12. BARRIER METHODS • Makes it difficult or impossible for sperm to get to the egg • Effectiveness can be increased by using spermicides • Petroleum base products should never be used with latex because it deteriorates the latex causing it to break

  13. MALE CONDOM • 88% effective • Possible side effects include • Irritation • Allergic reaction • Can be obtained over-the-counter • Age, heat & friction can damage

  14. FEMALE CONDOM • 79% effective • Side effects include • Irritation • Allergic reaction • Can be obtained over-the-counter • Single-use

  15. DIAPHRAGM • 82% effective • Side effects include • Allergies • Needs to be fitted by a doctor • Prescription only • Can be put in as much as 2 hr. before intercourse • Must be left in at least 6-8 hr. after intercourse

  16. CERVICAL CAP • 64-82 % effective • Possible side effects include • Allergies • Difficult to insert & remove • Prescription • Can remain in place up to 48 hours • Insert added spermicide for repeated intercourse

  17. SPERMICIDES • Prevent pregnancy by killing the sperm. • They are usually used with another form of contraceptive to increase effectiveness

  18. SPERMICIDAL CREAMS , GELS & FOAMS • 61-97% effective • Possible side effects include • Allergic reaction • Messy • Over-the-counter • Provides some lubrication • Only effective for a limited time.

  19. SPERMICIDAL FILM • 61-97% effective • Possible side effects include • Allergic reaction • Messy • Over-the-counter • Provides some lubrication • Only effective for a limited time.

  20. SPERMICIDAL SUPPOSITORIES • 61-97% effective • Possible side effects include • Allergic reaction • Messy • Over-the-counter • Provides some lubrication • Only effective for a limited time.

  21. SPERMICIDAL SPONGE • Slightly better effectiveness than spermicides • Possible side effects include • allergic reaction • Over-the-counter • Combines spermicide with a barrier method

  22. HORMONES • Over 99% Effective • Prescription only • Contain differing amounts of the hormones estrogen and progestin • Primarily prevent pregnancy by preventing ovulation • Possible side effects include • Weight gain or loss • Blood clots • Stroke • Tender breasts • Vaginal bleeding • Irregular bleeding

  23. HORMONE METHODS OF DELIVERY Oral Contraceptives The Patch NuvaRing Depo-Provera

  24. Oral Contraceptives • 99% Effective when taken correctly. • Side Effects: • - Irregular Bleeding • -Nausea • -Missed Periods • -Changes in Appetite • Prescription Only • Provide NO PROTECTION from STD’s.

  25. The Patch • 98% Effective • Side Effects • Skin Irritation • Irregular Bleeding • Weight Gain • A new patch is placed on the skin once a week for three weeks in a row, followed by a patch-free week.

  26. Norplant What Are the Side Effects of Norplant? Irregular menstrual periods or no periods at all Headaches Depression Dizziness Acne Changes in appetite Weight gain Excessive growth of facial and body hair **NO LONGER AVAILABLE IN THE UNITED STATES • Norplant is over 99% effective in preventing pregnancy. • Can Anyone Use Norplant? • No. Norplant is not recommended for everyone. You should not use Norplant if you have: • Unexplained vaginal bleeding • Liver disease • Breast cancer • Blood clots in the legs, lungs or eyes

  27. Depro-Provera Are There Side Effects Associated With Depo-Provera? Depo-Provera can cause a number of side effects, including: Irregular menstrual periods, or no periods at all Headaches Nervousness Depression Dizziness Acne Changes in appetite Weight gain Excessive growth of facial and body hair Hair loss Loss of bone mineral density • Depo-Provera is 99% effective in preventing pregnancy • Prescription Only • Shots every 3 Months

  28. Nuva Ring • Effectiveness: 92-99% • Side Effects • -Blot Clots • -High Blood Pressure • -Headaches • -Weight Gain • Inserted ring remains in place for 3 weeks. Then is removed for 1 week. Then a new ring is inserted into the vagina.

  29. IUD • 99.2% effective • Prevents the implantation of the egg in the uterus • Inserted by the doctor • Need to be replaced every 1-3 yr. depending on the type Possible side effects include Cramps Bleeding PID Infertility Perforation of the uterus

  30. STERILIZATION • 100% effective • Should be considered permanent • Reversal is difficult and very expensive • Requires surgery • Possible side effects include • Pain • Infections

  31. STERILIZATION Vasectomy Tubal Ligation

  32. Vasectomy • A vasectomy is considered a permanent method of birth control. Avasectomyprevents the release of sperm when a man ejaculates. • During a vasectomy, the vas deferens from each testicle is clamped, cut, or otherwise sealed • 99.9% Effective • Side Effects: • Bleeding under the skin, which may cause swelling or bruising. • Infection at the site of the incision. In rare instances, an infection develops inside the scrotum.

  33. Tubal Ligation • 99% Effective • During a tubal ligation, the fallopian tubes are cut or blocked to permanently prevent pregnancy. • Side Effects • Changes in sexual behavior • Emotional Health

  34. Hysterectomy • Is a surgery to remove a woman's uterus or womb. The uterus is where a baby grows when a woman is pregnant. The whole uterus or just part of it may be removed. After a hysterectomy, you no longer have menstrual periods and cannot become pregnant. • Side Effects Injury to nearby organs, such as the bowel, urinary tract, bladder, rectum, or blood vessels Pain during sexual intercourse Early menopause, if the ovaries are removed Infection

  35. Role of genetics • At the moment of conception; every human baby receives 46 chromosomes • Chromosome is a tiny threadlike structure in the nucleus of every cell. • Come in 23 pairs. • Mother and Father contribute 1 pair to each chromosome • Gene: is a unit that determines a humans inherited characteristics • The complete blueprint for the creation of a person is called genome. • The complex molecules that make up genes are called DNA.

  36. Genetics

  37. DOMINANT / RECESSIVE GENES • For each inherited characteristic, a person receives 2 copies of a gene. • One copy from the mother • One copy from the father • When both genes are the same, the child automatically has that characteristic. • Many times, a person receives 2 different genes. • Characteristic is determined by the dominant gene. • Dominant Gene: is a stronger gene • Recessive Gene: is a weaker gene. • The recessive gene will not be expressed. • Recessive genes are only expressed when they are received from both parents. • Red Hair

  38. Making a unique person • The gender of the child is determined at conception. • The sex chromosomes come in 2 types: X and Y. • Each ovum carries an X chromosome • Each sperm carry either an X or Y. • XX= Female • XY= Male

  39. Multiple births • The most common form of multiple birth is twins. • Identical • When a sperm fertilized the ovum; cells begin to divide right away. The cells then split in half creating 2 separate masses. Each cell begins to grow into a separate embryo. • One Sperm and One Ovum that divide • Fraternal • Two eggs are released from the ovaries at the same time, and fertilized by different sperm. • Can be opposite gender

  40. Infertility • Not all couples who want to become parents are able to have children. • Infertility: is the inability to conceive a child. • About 40% of cases are due to female infertility • 40% are due to male infertility • 20% have unknown causes or are linked to both partners. • How might the make someone feel? • How might a couple react to this kind of news? • Steps they can take?

  41. Options for infertile couples • Adoption • Artificial Insemination • Doctor injects sperm into the woman’s ovaries. Husband is usually the donor. • In Vitro Fertilization • Sperm is injected into the ovum outside of the body. Once it has been fertilized, it is then placed in the woman’s ovary. • Ovum Transfer • Similar to In Vitro; except the ovum has been donated from another woman. • Surrogate Mother • Is a woman who becomes pregnant to have another woman’s baby with one of the above procedures.

  42. Artificial Insemination

  43. Three stages of pregnancy • Prenatal Development • Is the baby’s development during pregnancy • Consists of 3 Stages • Germinal Stage • Embryonic Stage • The Fetal Stage

  44. The germinal Stage • The first stage in a baby’s development. • Zygote: is the fertilized egg. • Lasts only 2 weeks • Includes the key steps in establishing a pregnancy • Cell Division • Zygote grows by cell division. • Within a few days, the zygote has about 500 living cells. • Implantation • The lining of the uterus has now thickened. • Zygote implants itself on the lining of the uterus.

  45. Zygote

  46. The embryonic stage • Second Stage of Development • The Embryo is what the developing baby is called from the 3rd to the 8th week. • During these 8 weeks: the face, eyes, ears, limbs, and bones begin to form • Organs and Body Systems • Cells begin to separate into the major systems • The heart, lungs, bones, and muscles. • After 27 days the neural tube has closed ( brain and spinal cord) • Amniotic Sac • Sac filled with fluid forms around the embryo • Amniotic Fluid: liquid that surrounds and protects the developing baby in the uterus. • Cushions the embryo from bumps or falls

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