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Divine Revelation: A study of the qur’anic sciences

Divine Revelation: A study of the qur’anic sciences. Lecture 5 February 17 2013. Types of naskh : recitation. Verse is recited but not acted upon Most common category Why does the recitation remain? Perhaps as a lesson for us to appreciate, and Allah knows best

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Divine Revelation: A study of the qur’anic sciences

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  1. Divine Revelation: A study of the qur’anic sciences Lecture 5 February 17 2013 Qur'anic Sciences - DKI

  2. Types of naskh: recitation • Verse is recited but not acted upon • Most common category • Why does the recitation remain? Perhaps as a lesson for us to appreciate, and Allah knows best • Recitation was taken away, but it is still acted upon • Example • Umar asked that the verse be written down but the Prophet (S) forbade it because it was mansūkh al-tilāwah • “Verily, Allah sent the Prophet (S) with the truth. We recited it and memorized it, and I am afraid that people will forget the ruling without the verse that is gone.” -’Umar • Both recitation and its application is removed • Recorded in Muslim that Ā’ishahsaid that it had been revealed in the Quran that ten clear sucklings with a lady made marriage unlawful. It was a verse that existed, but was abrogated along with the ruling. Qur'anic Sciences - DKI

  3. How many verses were abrogated? • Difference of opinion. IbnḤazm says 200. al-Suyūṭī says 19. Among those • ShāhWalīullāh narrows it further to the following five: Qur'anic Sciences - DKI

  4. Muhkamat & mutashabihatmiraculous nature and style of qur’an Chapter 4 Qur'anic Sciences - DKI

  5. Muhkamat and mutashabihat هُوَ الَّذِيَ أَنزَلَ عَلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ مِنْهُ آيَاتٌ مُّحْكَمَاتٌ هُنَّ أُمُّ الْكِتَابِ وَأُخَرُ مُتَشَابِهَاتٌ فَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ في قُلُوبِهِمْ زَيْغٌ فَيَتَّبِعُونَ مَا تَشَابَهَ مِنْهُ ابْتِغَاء الْفِتْنَةِ وَابْتِغَاء تَأْوِيلِهِ وَمَا يَعْلَمُ تَأْوِيلَهُ إِلاَّ اللّهُ وَالرَّاسِخُونَ فِي الْعِلْمِ يَقُولُونَ آمَنَّا بِهِ كُلٌّ مِّنْ عِندِ رَبِّنَا وَمَا يَذَّكَّرُ إِلاَّ أُوْلُواْ الألْبَابِ   [Ale Imran 3:7] He is the One who has revealed to you the Book. Out of it there are verses that are Muhkamat (of established meaning), which are the principal verses of the Book, and some others are Mutashabihat (whose definite meanings have not been made clear). Now those who have perversity in their hearts go after such part of it as is mutashabih, seeking (to create) discord, and searching for its interpretation (that meets their desires), while no one knows its interpretation except Allah; and those well-grounded in knowledge say: “We believe therein; all is from our Lord.” Only the men of understanding observe the advice.  Qur'anic Sciences - DKI

  6. Muhkamat and mutashabihat • Muhkamat: • Something of which knowledge is necessary • Something with only one dimension • Something sufficient in meaning, requiring no further explanation • Ex: Ayaat dealing with halal and haram; inheritance; penalties (kafara); promises and warnings; etc • Mutashabihat: • Something known to Allah only • Something with more than one dimension • Something requiring further explanation • Ex: Ayaatconcerning the attributes of Allah; the true nature of the resurrection; judgment; life after death; etc. Qur'anic Sciences - DKI

  7. Muhkamat and mutashabihat • Example of muhkamat: يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوٓا۟ إِذَا تَدَايَنتُم بِدَيْنٍ إِلَىٰٓ أَجَلٍۢ مُّسَمًّۭى فَٱكْتُبُوهُ ۚ وَلْيَكْتُب بَّيْنَكُمْ كَاتِبٌۢ بِٱلْعَدْلِ 'O you who believe! When ye deal with each other, in transactions involving future obligations, in a fixed period of time, reduce them to writing. Let a scribe write down faithfully as between the parties ...' (Al-Baqarah 2:282) • Example of mutashabihat: ٱلرَّحْمَٰنُ عَلَى ٱلْعَرْشِ ٱسْتَوَىٰ ‘The Most Merciful has established Himself on the Throne.' (Ta Ha 20:5) Qur'anic Sciences - DKI

  8. HURUF MUQATA’AT • The 'abbreviated letters' are an important section of the mutashabihat • As their meanings are not known. • The word is derived from the root qata'a- to cut, and means 'what is cut‘ • There are fourteen such letters occurring in various combinations at the beginning of 29 surahs. • AlifLam Ra (10, 11, 12, 14, 15); Alif Lam Mim (2, 3, 29, 30, 31, 32); Alif Lam Mim Ra(13); Alif Lam Mim Sad (7); Ha Mim(40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46); Sad (38); Ta Sin (27); Ta Sin Mim (26, 28); Ta Ha (20); Qaf (50); KafHa Ya 'Ain Sad(9); Nun (68); Ya Sin (36); Ha Mim ‘Ain Sin Qaf(42) • The Scholars have discussed various possible interpretations, but ultimately only Allah SWT knows their true meaning Qur'anic Sciences - DKI

  9. MIRACULOUS NATURE OF QUR’AN • Every Prophet was sent with a miracle in order for the people to believe in him • The miracle would be particular to the culture of that place and time • Ex: Isa (AS): medicine; Musa (AS): magic • The miracle of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺis the Qur’an • The eloquence of the speech of the Arabs • The Qur’an constantly puts forth challenges to bring something else like it • In eloquence, power, content, historical and scientific accuracy, etc • Not a single person has been able to since the Qur’an was revealed Qur'anic Sciences - DKI

  10. MIRACULOUS NATURE OF QUR’AN وَإِن كُنتُمْ فِي رَيْبٍ مِّمَّا نَزَّلْنَا عَلَى عَبْدِنَا فَأْتُواْ بِسُورَةٍ مِّن مِّثْلِهِ وَادْعُواْ شُهَدَاءكُم مِّن دُونِ اللّهِ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَ  If you are in doubt about what We have revealed to Our servant,then bring a Surah similar to this, and do call your supporters other than Allah, if you are true. فَإِن لَّمْ تَفْعَلُواْ وَلَن تَفْعَلُواْ فَاتَّقُواْ النَّارَ الَّتِي وَقُودُهَا النَّاسُ وَالْحِجَارَةُ أُعِدَّتْ لِلْكَافِرِينَ  But if you do not - and you will never be able to - then guard yourselves against the Fire, the fuel of which will be men and stones. It has been prepared for disbelievers. [Al-Baqarah, 23-24] Qur'anic Sciences - DKI

  11. Miraculous features • Word Choice • Examples • Sentence Structure • Examples • Style (Not Like Poetry) • Does not follow any rules of poetry of any language • But it still aesthetically pleasing and profound • …يُوصِيكُمُ ٱللَّهُ فِىٓ أَوْلَٰدِكُمْ (Laws of Inheritance) • Predictions • Ar-Rum • Return to and Conquest of Makkah Qur'anic Sciences - DKI

  12. Miraculous features • Protection and Preservation • “Indeed, it is We who sent down the Dhikr (Qur'an), and indeed We will be its guardian.” (Al Hijr) • Unlike the Bible and Torah • Scientific and Historical Facts • Body of Fir’aun • Development of embryo • Universality of its Application • The poor, middle-class, rich • The intellectual and unintellectual • Across time and nations – the Law still applies, and the Wisdom is still profound • Easiness in Memorization Qur'anic Sciences - DKI

  13. Assignments & Questions • Review Chapter 4 in Course Manual • Read ahead to Chapter 6 • Exam – March 10th • Recommended supplementary reading: An Approach to the Qur’anic Sciences By Mufti Muhammad TaqiUthmani • Questions? Qur'anic Sciences - DKI

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