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Arab Israeli Conflict, 1948-1996

Arab Israeli Conflict, 1948-1996. Key Personalities Prepared by Philip Fielden, Head of HSIE, The Hills Grammar School, Sydney, Australia. General Points. BIRTH - look at the dates and locations OCCUPATIONS - what were they before they became famous? WHY? - What was their motivation?

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Arab Israeli Conflict, 1948-1996

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  1. Arab Israeli Conflict, 1948-1996 Key Personalities Prepared by Philip Fielden, Head of HSIE, The Hills Grammar School, Sydney, Australia.

  2. General Points • BIRTH - look at the dates and locations • OCCUPATIONS - what were they before they became famous? • WHY? - What was their motivation? • CAREERS - what did they achieve? • LEGACY - what did they leave?

  3. The Middle East - With Political Boundaries, 2003

  4. David Ben Gurion • Born in Plonsk, Poland in October 1886 • Joined the Zionist Workers movement aged 17 • Moved to Palestine in 1906 • Made General Secretary of Histadrut Labour Federation in 1921 • Formed Mapai in 1930 • Made Chairman of the Jewish Agency in 1935 • Declared the state of Israel on May 14th 1948 • PM from 1948-1963 (except 1953-55) • Died in December 1973

  5. Gamal Abdul-Nasser • Born Alexandria, January 1918 • Involved in Free Officers movement • Staged bloodless coup d’état, July 1952 and effectively controls Egypt • Declared President of Egypt, 1956 • Announces nationalisation of Suez Canal, July 1956 • Survives Suez Crisis, Oct 1956 • Led United Arab Republic (UAR), 1958-1961 • Badly beaten in Six Day War, 1967 • Death through massive heart attack, 1970 • Hero of Pan-Arab Nationalism

  6. Menachem Begin • Born in Brest-Litovsk, Poland in August 1913 • Aged 16 joined Betar - the Nationalist youth movement associated with revisionist Zionism • Arrested by Russians in 1939, imprisoned in Siberia until 1941 • Family died in the Holocaust • Led Irgun Zvati Lehi from 1943 in fight against the British in Palestine. • Member of Knesset from 1948 • Prime Minister, 1977-1983 • Signed Camp David Agreement • Winner of Nobel Peace Prize in 1978 • Ordered Invasion of Lebanon, 1982

  7. Anwar al-Sadat • Born in Mit Abul al-Kum, Egypt in 1918 • Joined Nasser’s Free Officer’s movement in 1950 • Vice-President of Egypt, 1969-1970 • President of Egypt from 1970-1980 • Launched the Yom Kippur War in 1973 with Syria • Made historic visit to Israel in 1977 • Signed Camp David Agreement, despite opposition from other Arab states • Won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1978 • Assassinated in 1981

  8. President Hafez Assad • Born Qardaha, Syria in October, 1930 • Joined the Syrian Baath Party , 1946 • Helped organise the coupd’état that overthrew the UAR , 1961 • Commander of Air Force, 1963 • Minister of Defence after another coup d’état, 1966 • Took power in 1970, becomes Syrian President in 1971 • Sent troops into Lebanon, 1976 • Failed to negotiate peace with Rabin during 1990s

  9. Yasser Arafat • Born August 1929 in Cairo • Achieved Degree in Engineering, 1951 • Founded al-Fatah in 1958 • Became full-time Palestinian Fedayeen in 1964 • Became Chairman of PLO in 1969 • Made famous speech to UN in 1974 • Expelled from Jordan in 1970 • Expelled from Lebanon by Israel in 1982 • Signed Oslo Accords in 1993 • Awarded Nobel Peace Prize, 1994

  10. Yitzhak Rabin • Born in Jerusalem, 1922 • Joined Palmach, 1940 • Commanded Harel Brigade fighting for Jerusalem, 1948-49 • Army Chief of Staff, 1964-1968 • Hero of Six Day War • Made Ambassador to USA, 1968 • Prime Minister, 1974-1977 • Ordered Entebbe assault • Minister of Defence, 1984-1990 (“Break their bones”) • Prime Minister, 1992-1995 • Signed Oslo Accords, Sept 1993 • Assassinated, Nov 1995

  11. King Hussein of Jordan • Born in November 1935 in Amman, Jordan • Became King in May 1953, aged 17 • Educated at Harrow, London and Sandhurst Military College • Jordan very poor, but strategically important location. • Caught between powerful neighbours, proximity to Israel and large Palestinian population • Lost West Bank, 1967 • Expelled PLO - ‘Black September’, 1970 • Tried to remain neutral during Gulf War, 1991 • Signed peace with Israel, 1994

  12. Shimon Peres • Born Wolozyn, Poland, 1923 • Responsible for arms procurement during War of Independence • Left Mapai with Ben Gurion in 1965 to form Rafi • Returned to Mapai in 1968 • Minister of Defence, 1974-1977 • Prime Minister, 1984-1986 • Foreign Minister, 1986-1988 • Signed Oslo Accords, 1993 • Prime Minister 1995-1996 • Lost PM by <1% in 1996 elections • Awarded Nobel Peace Prize, 1994

  13. Ariel Sharon • Born Kefar Malal, Palestine, 1928 • Enormously successful in wars of 1948, 1956 and 1967 • Made Major General in 1967 • Key role in formation of Likud in 1973 • Minister of Defence, 1981-1983 • Blamed for Israeli invasion of Lebanon, 1982 • Resigned when criticised for Sabra & Chatila massacres, 1982 • Very supportive of Jewish settlers in Occupied Territories • Prime Minister, 2001 - Present

  14. Benyamin Netanyahu • Born Tel Aviv, Israel in October 1949 • Family moved to USA, 1963 • Army Commando, 1967-1972 • Deputy Chief of Mission for Israeli Ambassador to USA, 1982 • Representative to UN, 1984-1988 • Leader of Likud, 1993-1999 • Elected Prime Minister May 1996 by majority of <1% • Frustrated implementation os Oslo Accords • Signed Wye River Accord with PLO, Oct 1998 • Defeated in elections, 1999

  15. Golda Meir • Born Kiev, Russia in May 1898 • Moved to USA in 1906 and Palestine, 1921 • Worked for Jewish Agency during 1920s-1930s • Signed Declaration of Independence • Ambassador to Soviet Union, 1948 • Vital role in securing arms during War of Independence, 1948 • Foreign Minister, 1956 • Prime Minister, 1969-1974 • Blamed for Israel being surprised by Yom Kippur War, 1973

  16. Dr George Habash • Born Lydda, Palestine in 1925/26 to Christian family • Forced to flee Palestine, 1948 • Earned Medical Degree, American University, Beirut • Active in “Youth of Vengeance” movement which attacked traditional Arab governments. • Formed Marxist PFLP • Staged famous Dawson’s Field airliner explosions, 1970 • Formed “Rejection Front” in 1973 to criticise any moves for peace • Critical of Oslo Accord

  17. Levi Eshkol • Born in Oratov, Ukraine in October, 1895 • Moved to Palestine, 1914 • Worked with Jewish Agency to encourage Jewish settlement of Palestine. • Served on Haganah staff during War of Independence, 1948-49 • Minister of Defence, 1948-1951 • Minister of Finance, 1952-1963 • Prime Minister, 1963-1968 • Led Israel during victory in Six Day War • Criticised for being hesitant to go to war by Ben Gurion and his allies

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