Reproductive System

1. Reproductive System Health Science 1

2. To provide for continuity of the species • Contains necessary organs capable of the creation of new individuals • Manufacture hormones necessary for development of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics • Females – estrogen and progesterone • Males - testosterone

3. Male and female organs develop from the same embryonic cells. • For 2 months – the embryo develops without a sexual identity • After 2 months, influence of the X and Y chromosomes began to differentiate (see page 449-450 in book)

4. Structure and Function of the Male Reproductive System

5. Testes (pg. 460) Located within a pouch of skin called scrotum - external organ In embryo, testes are formed in the abdomen and during the last 3 months of fetal development, they migrate into the scrotum. Cryptorchidism – failure of testes to descend Could affect ability to produce mature sperm Treat with surgery prior to puberty • Produce male gametes (spermatozoa) • Produce male sex hormone (testosterone) • Size of small egg • Made up of 250 lobules, each with coiled seminiferous tubules (sperm development)

6. Testosterone • Produced in testes • Responsible for secondary sex characteristics Usually begins around age 12 • Deeping of voice • Growth of hair (beard and body hair – axillary and pubic region) • Increased muscle mass • Thickening of bones of skeletal system • Begin producing mature sperm cells around age 14

7. Epididymis • Seminiferous tubules intertwine and join to form a small mesh-like network of tubules above the testes called the rete testis. • The rete testis unite to form the epididymis • Sperm are stored in the epididymis

8. Vas Deferens • Runs from epididymis to the ejaculatory duct • Serves as a passageway for sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct- contains seminal vesicles • Secretions nourish sperm

9. Ejaculatory Duct • Connects the vas deferens with the urethra (dual role in males) • Excretion of urine and expel semen

10. Penis • Organ of copulation • Contains erectile tissue • End is covered by foreskin (often removed during circumcision) • Foreskin also know as the prepuce

11. C:\Users\CTE\Documents\Health Sciences 1 - Robin\Circumcision Info.docx

13. Prostate Gland • Surrounds the beginning of the urethra • About the size and shape of a chestnut • Secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid that enhances viability and sperm motility and adds fluid to semen

14. Bulbourethral glands • Located on either side of the urethra, below the prostate gland • Adds more alkaline secretion to the semen that helps the sperm to live longer within the acid medium of the female reproductive tract

15. Erection and Ejaculation • During sexual arousal, nerve impulses cause the erectile tissue to engorge with blood in the penis. • Causes increase in size and becomes firm • blood entering the dilated arteries squeezes the veins against the penile structures prohibiting venous return

16. Impulses then sent to ejaculatory center to cause orgasm. • Orgasm is result of muscular contractions from the vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts and prostate glands. • Secretions stored in these structures along with the sperm are forcibly expelled through the urethra after which the engorgement subsides

17. Erectile Dysfunction • Known as impotence • Inability to have or sustain an erection during intercourse Primary – never had an erection Secondary – has had ability in past Transient periods are common incidence increases with age

18. Treatment depends on cause of dysfunction • Penile implants • Injection therapy • Oral medications

19. Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) • Enlarged prostate • Common after age 60 • prostate clamps down on urethra • Irritable bladder – urinary frequency • Diagnosed by rectal exam, ultrasound and cystoscopy • Treated with prostatectomy, laser surgery • Sometimes no treatment • http://men.webmd.com/prostate-enlargement-bph/ss/slideshow-bph-overview

20. Prostate Cancer • Most common cancer in males over 50 • Can be detected by blood test • Symptoms – frequency, dysuria, urgency, nocturia and sometimes hematuria • Treatment • Prostatectomy, radiation, chemo, nothing • http://www.webmd.com/prostate-cancer/ss/slideshow-prostate-cancer-overview

21. Testicular Cancer • http://www.webmd.com/cancer/tc/testicular-cancer-topic-overview

22. Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments Testicular self-examination • Testicular self-examination is an examination of the testicles. The testicles (also called the testes) are the male reproductive organs that produce sperm and the hormone testosterone. They are located in the scrotum under the penis. • Perform this test during or after a shower. This way, the scrotal skin is warm and relaxed. It's best to do the test while standing. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorder

23. Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments Testicular self-examination • 1.Gently feel your scrotal sac to locate a testicle. • 2.Hold the testicle with one hand while firmly but gently rolling the fingers of the other hand over the testicle to examine the entire surface. • 3.Repeat the procedure with the other testicle. You may perform a testicular self-exam every month if you have any of the following risk factors: • •Family history of testicular cancer • •Past testicular tumor • •Undescended testicle • •You are a teenager or young adult 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

24. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

25. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

26. The Reproductive Process • Conception • the process of becoming pregnant (when the sperm and egg unite) • Known as fertilization • True fertilization (conception) occurs when the sperm nucleus combines with the egg nucleus to form a fertilized egg cell, known as a zygote • See page 420-421 • Infertility • When conception does not occur • Could be from damage to fallopian tube (female), low sperm count, hormonal imbalance

27. Infertility cont…. • Treatment • Fertility drugs that promote ovulation by stimulating the hormones from the pituitary to prepare an egg or several eggs for ovulation each month • Possibility of multiple births • Artificial insemination • Concentrated dose of sperm is placed in the woman’s uterus or fallopian tube with a catheter • http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/guide/artificial-insemination

28. Infertility cont…. • Possible surgery if caused by blocked tubes, endometriosis, fibroids, genetic defects or ovarian cysts • Laparoscopy • Direct visualization of the abdominal cavity through a tube (laparoscope), usually placed through the navel.

29. In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) • Mature eggs are removed from ovaries using a needle inserted through vaginal wall or by laparoscopy. • Eggs are combined with sperm • When egg is fertilized, it is placed into the uterus of the female. • Possibility of IVF with donor egg and/or sperm

30. Structures and Function of the female reproductive system 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

31. Structures of the female reproductive system Ovary (female gonad) • Located in the pelvic cavity • About the size of an almond • Each ovary contains thousands of microscopic sacs • Functions • Produce female sex hormones – estrogen and progesterone The ovum is the largest cell in the human body.

32. Ovum develops slowly inside each follicle by a process called maturation • Usually a single follicle matures every 28 days through reproductive years. • The reproductive years begin at time of puberty and menarche (1st menstrual cycle) 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

33. Ovulation • As follicle enlarges, it migrates to the outside surface of the ovary and breaks open, releasing the ovum • Occurs about 2 wks before the menstrual period begins • Time of ovulation may vary some. • Women produce about 400 ova during the reproductive years 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

34. Fallopian tubes • Also known as oviduct or uterine tube • Approximately 4” long • Not attached to the ovaries • Typical site of fertilization 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

35. Contains fimbriae • Fringelike folds that help guide the ovum inside the tube. • Ectopic pregnancy occurs when fertilized egg implants inside the tube • Dangerous situation • Could rupture • Rx- surgery 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

36. Uterus Hollow, thick-walled, pear-shaped, highly muscular organ Lies behind the urinary bladder and in front of the rectum Expands to accommodate the growing embryo and amniotic fluid

37. Uterus Fundus Bulging upper part of the uterus Body The body is the middle portion Cervix The narrow portion that extends into the vagina 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

38. Uterus Perimetrium (visceral peritoneum) outer Myometrium Thick, smooth, muscular middle Endometrium Inner mucous layer Structures of the female reproductive system Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

39. Cervix The cervix is the lower end of the uterus (opening) Located at the top of the vagina Approximately one inch long Opens to allow passage of fetus during delivery Structures of the female reproductive system 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

40. Vagina Smooth muscle with a mucous membrane lining Approximately 10 centimeters long Also known as the birth canal Hymen External opening of the vagina may be covered by a perforated membrane May have bleeding with first act of intercourse

41. Vulva External organs of reproduction Labia Folds of skin that surround the vagina Labia majora Labia minora External genitalia 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

42. External genitalia Clitoris Erectile tissue Stimulated to prepare vagina for intercourse Perineum Area between the vagina and rectum Structures of the female reproductive system

43. Mammary glands (breasts) Consists of 15 or 20 lobes of glandular and adipose tissue Areola Darkened area that surrounds the nipple Accessory organs to the female reproductive system 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

44. Areola changes to brownish color during pregnancy • Prolactin from the pituitary gland stimulates the mammary glands to secrete milk following childbirth

45. The menstrual cycle • Endometrium thickens to prepare for the fertilized egg to attach prior to ovulation • If pregnancy does not occur, the lining will break down and the unfertilized egg will be discharged from the body • This process is called menstruation. • The cycle starts over with the development of another ovum and build-up of endometrial lining. 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

46. Starts at puberty • Early as 9 yrs to as late as 17 • Average range is 12-15 • 4 stages …… 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

47. Follicle Stage • FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) secreted by pituitary gland travels to ovary via bloodstream causing egg to mature and fill with fluid containing estrogen. • This stimulates the endometrium to thicken with mucus and rich supply of blood vessels, preparing for implantation. • Usually last about 10 days

48. Ovulation Stage • Estrogen reaches high level so FSH secretion stops. • LH (luteinizing hormone) begins to excrete. • The combination of these three hormones stimulates the mature follicle to be released • This is OVULATION

49. Corpus Luteum Stage (Luteal Phase) • After ovulation, LH stimulates the cells of the ruptured follicle to divide and this causes the corpus luteum • Progesterone is now secreted • Helps to maintain the continued growth and thickening of the endometrium • “pregnancy hormone” to help maintain the pregnancy • Prevents FSH from being stimulated • Phase last about 14 days 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

50. Menstruation Stage • If fertilization does not occur, progesterone reaches level in blood that inhibits further LH secretion • With decreased LH secretion, the corpus luteum breaks down, causing decreased progesterone secretion • Causes lining of endometrium to break down • Menstruation around 28 days x about 4 days. 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System