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C H A P T E R 17

C H A P T E R 17. AGING IN SPORT AND EXERCISE. w Discover what changes occur to muscles with aging and how these changes affect athletic performance. (continued). Learning Objectives. w Learn the effects of aging and training on body composition.

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C H A P T E R 17

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  1. C H A P T E R 17 AGING IN SPORT AND EXERCISE

  2. w Discover what changes occur to muscles with aging and how these changes affect athletic performance. (continued) Learning Objectives w Learn the effects of aging and training on body composition. w Compare the changes in strength and endurance with aging.

  3. Learning Objectives w Learn what cardiovascular and respiratory changes occur with aging and the effects of training on these changes. w Discover the trainability of older athletes for strength and endurance. w Find out how training affects biological aging and learn the difference between aging and physical activity.

  4. It Happens to Everyone Baseball Hall of Fame Members: 2004 From Sports Illustrated

  5. “Of Mice and Men” – Voluntary Wheel Running in Rats One of the most difficult things to determine is whether physiological deterioration with age is due to aging per se or to the dramatic decrease in daily activity levels. It is undoubtedly a combination of the two.

  6. Relative body fat increases after maturity due to w Increased dietary intake of calories and/or w Decreased physical activity w Reduced ability to mobilize fat After age 30, fat-free mass decreases due to w Decreased muscle mass (decreasing testosterone levels) w Increased bone mineral loss w Decreased physical activity Body Composition and Aging: A Double Whammy

  7. CHANGES IN BODY HEIGHT AND WEIGHT

  8. CHANGES IN MUSCLE MASS

  9. TOTAL WEIGHT AND RELATIVE FAT

  10. FAT MASS AND FAT-FREE MASS

  11. Body Composition and Training One of the important things about physical training as one ages is that it can help offset age-related loss of fat-free mass and gains in fat mass, i.e., the double whammy.

  12. Strength Changes With Aging w Maximal strength decreases w Muscle mass decreases w Percentage of ST muscle fibers increases because of death of fast twitch alpha-motoneurons followed by reinnervation of the denervated fast muscle fibers by slow motoneurons, which converts the muscle fibers to ST w Total number and size of muscle fibers decreases w Nervous system response slows w Little change in oxidative enzyme capacity or number of capillaries

  13. CHANGES IN STRENGTH WITH AGING

  14. Effects of Training on Strength While endurance training does not prevent the aging loss in muscle mass, resistance training can maintain or increase the muscle fiber cross-sectional area in older men and women.

  15. Computed Tomography Scans of Arms of Three 57-Year-Old Men of Similar Body Weights Biceps Brachii M. Humerus Triceps Brachii M. Untrained Swim-Trained Strength-Trained

  16. MUSCLE FIBER CHANGES WITH AGING

  17. w Muscle blood flow decreases are offset in trained individuals by an increased submaximal a-vO2 difference – Cardiovascular Function and Aging w Aerobic capacity decreases about 1% per year after age 25 w Maximum heart rate decreases about 1 beat per year w Maximum stroke volume decreases, though it can be well maintained with training w Maximum cardiac output decreases

  18. Maximal HR and Age Maximal heart rate can be estimated with the following equation: HRmax = [208 – 0.7  age]

  19. LEG BLOOD FLOW DURING CYCLING Thus, the older athletes maintain oxygen consumption during increasing levels of exercise by increasing a-vO2diff to a greater extent than the younger athletes.

  20. . w Qmax decreases due to decreased HRmax and SVmax. . w VO2max decreases due to reduced blood flow to active tissues because of reduced Qmax. . Key Points Cardiovascular Changes With Aging w HRmax decreases due to decreased sympathetic nervous system activity and changes in cardiac conduction. w SVmax decreases primarily due to increased total peripheral resistance (increased afterload).

  21. . w VEmax decreases after maturity Respiratory Changes With Aging w Vital capacity (VC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0) decrease linearly with age w Residual volume (RV) increases w Total lung capacity (TLC) remains unchanged w RV:TLC increases (less air can be exchanged) w Elasticity in lung tissue and chest walls decreases, which is the primary mechanism for the above listed changes; there may also be a decreased function of the respiratory muscles

  22. MAXIMAL EXPIRATORY VENTILATION

  23. w Limitations in oxygen transport to the muscles (i.e., muscle blood flow)and a decreased a-vO2 difference are the main causes for reduced VO2max. – . Key Points Respiratory Aging and Performance w Endurance training in middle and older age reduces the loss of elasticity from the lungs. w The pulmonary ventilation capabilities of endurance-trained athletes are only slightly decreased with aging. w Arterial oxygen saturation does not decrease during strenuous exercise for normally active older adults.

  24. . w Aging alone may not necessarily decrease VO2max; decreased daily activity levels also contribute. w When you keep intensity and volume of training high, your rate of decrease in SV and VO2max with aging slows, especially between ages 30 and 50 and less so after age 50. . Studies of Older Athletes w There are individual differences in the rate of decline with aging. w Prior training offers little advantage to endurance capacity later in life unless you stay active.

  25. . Changes in VO2max With Aging Among Normally Active Men . Age VO2max % change from (years) (ml kg min ) 25 years . . -1 -1 25 47.7 35 43.1 -9.6 45 39.5 -17.2 52 38.4 -19.5 63 34.5 -27.7 75 25.5 -46.5

  26. . VO2max Age Weight HRmax (years) (kg) (L/min) (ml · kg–1 · min –1) (beats/min) 21.3 63.9 4.41 69.0 189 (±1.6) (±2.2) (±0.09) (±1.4) (±6) 46.3 66.0 4.25 64.3 180 (±1.3) (±0.6) (±0.05) (±0.8) (±6) Note. Values are mean ± SE. Changes in Aerobic Capacity and Maximal Heart Rates With Aging in a Group of 10 Highly Trained Masters Distance Runners

  27. . CHANGES IN VO2MAX WITH AGE

  28. Aging alone might decrease cardiorespiratory fitness less than the deconditioning that occurs with inactivity, decreased activity, or decreased intensity of training. If body composition and physical activity are kept constant, VO2max decreases only 2% to 5% per decade, rather than the 10% per decade normally attributed to aging. . Aging versus Inactivity

  29. Endurance exercise w Produces similar gains in healthy people regardless of their age, sex, or initial fitness level w Produces greater improvement in muscle oxidative enzyme activities than in younger endurance-trained people Resistance exercise w Produces increases in muscle strength and muscle hypertrophy Trainability of the Older Athlete

  30. CHANGES WITH AGE IN RUNNING RECORDS

  31. 100-m freestyle CHANGES WITH AGE IN SWIMMING RECORDS

  32. Best performances (s) Distance (m) 20 years 50 years Improvement (%) 50 27.2 26.5 2.6 100 62.7 60.3 3.8 200 147.8 137.7 6.8 400 318.8 288.9 9.4 1,500 1,403.0 1,227.0 12.5 Note. The best freestyle swimming (front crawl stroke) times were achieved at age 50, despite the fact that the swimmer was an accomplished collegiate swimmer at age 18 to 21 years. It is also interesting to mention that this swimmer trained by swimming about 1,500 m per day at age 20 and 2,500 m per day at age 50. Data from Ball State University, Human Performance Laboratory. Swimming Performances at Age 20 and 50 Years for a Male Masters Swimmer

  33. CHANGES WITH AGE IN POWERLIFTING RECORDS U.S. National Masters records for males for total (bench, squat, and deadlift) – weight class(es)?

  34. Key Points Sport Performance and Aging w Running, swimming, cycling, and weight-lifting records indicate that we are in our prime during our 20s and early 30s. w Some swimmers have seen their best swimming performances in their 40s and 50s; this is often attributed to improvements in swimming technique, skill, and endurance. w Performance generally declines with aging beyond our prime, primarily due to decrements in muscular and cardiovascular endurance and strength.

  35. Key Points Environmental Stress and Aging w The capacity to perform normal activity at high altitude is not reduced with aging. w Aging might provide some protection against the symptoms of acute altitude sickness, HAPE, and HACE. w The ability to adapt to exercise in the heat is reduced due to reduced sweat production with aging.

  36. Aging versus Inactivity Since physical activity tends to decline substantially as we age, distinguishing between the effects of aging and those of reduced physical activity is difficult when studying lifelong changes in physiological function.

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