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Pollutants in air, soil, and living organisms

Pollutants in air, soil, and living organisms. Eiliv Steinnes Department of Chemistry Norwegian University of Science and Technology NO-7491 Trondheim e-LUP ”kick-off” seminar, Helsinki, February 5, 2006. Pollutants of concern to forest ecosystems:.

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Pollutants in air, soil, and living organisms

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  1. Pollutants in air, soil, and living organisms Eiliv Steinnes Department of Chemistry Norwegian University of Science and Technology NO-7491 Trondheim e-LUP ”kick-off” seminar, Helsinki, February 5, 2006

  2. Pollutants of concern to forest ecosystems: • Aggressive gases (SO2, NOx, O3, fluoride, etc.) • Acidifying substances (SO2/sulfate, NOx/nitrate, NH4+, etc.) • Toxic metals (grouped according to volatility) A. Hg B. Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Mo, V, - - C. Cu, Ni, Co, Ba, Cr, - - • Persistent organic pollutants A. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) B. Polychlorinated compounds: PCB, DDT/DDE, HCB, HCH (lindane), - - C. Polybrominated compounds: PBB, PBDE, - - • Influence on local - regional - continental scale

  3. Distribution of Cu and Ni around the Nikel/Zapolyarny smelters, Kola(M. Äyräs et al., Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 98 (1997) 361)

  4. The Monchegorsk copper-nickel smelter, NW RussiaAmong the largest sources of SO2 and heavy metal emissions on a world-wide scale: • SO2: 98 000 tonnes/year • Cu: 934 tonnes/year • Ni: 1619 tonnes/year • Co: 82 tonnes/year

  5. Effects of air pollutants from copper-nickel smelters on coniferous forest ecosystems: • Direct effects of sulphur dioxide on the forest canopy • Toxic effects by heavy metals on soil microflora and sensitive plant species • Indirect effects of acidic deposition via soil acidification • Indirect effects of heavy metals by cation exchange displacement of nutrients

  6. Cu and Ni in forest soil at different distances from Monchegorsk (Data from EPORA project)

  7. Data from EPORA project

  8. Influence of pollutants from the Monchegorsk smelter on base cations in understorey plants. Data from EPORA project.

  9. NILU bulk deposition sampler(Norwegian institute for air research)

  10. Heavy metal deposition surveys in Norway based on moss analysis: sampling network

  11. Trace elements in precipitation 1989-1990: Station networkT. Berg et al., Atmos. Environ. 28(1994)3519-3536

  12. Calibration of concentration in moss against bulk deposition

  13. Most natural soils in Norway are podzols:

  14. Nationwide surveys in Norway of trace elements in natural surface soils(Nitric-acid soluble fractions)1977: 500 sitesO-horizon, 2-5 cmCu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Sb, Pb, AAS/NAA

  15. Nationwide soil survey 1977: Sampling network

  16. Pb concentration in O-horizon samples from the 1977 survey (µg/g]

  17. Heavy metal concentrations in natural surface soil: 1977 sampling (g/g)

  18. 1977 soil survey: Regional mean values

  19. Nationwide surveys in Norway of trace elements in natural surface soils(Nitric-acid soluble fractions)1985: 400 sitesO-horizon, 2-5 cmB-horizon, ca. 20 cmC-horizon, ca. 60 cm29 elements, ICP-OES (NGU Report 94.029)

  20. Pb in natural soil in Norway 1985

  21. Comparison of mean values of selected metals in coniferous forest plant species in southern and central Norway

  22. PCB distribution in surface soil as a function of latitude S. Meijer et al., Environ. Sci.&Technol. 36 (2002) 2146

  23. PCB congeners as a function of soil organic matter S. Meijer et al., Environ. Sci. & Technol. 36 (2002) 2146

  24. PBDE (brominated flame retardants) congeners in surface soil A. Hassanin et al., Environ. Sci. & Technol. 38 (2004) 738

  25. Nationwide surveys in Norway of trace elements in natural surface soils(Nitric-acid soluble fractions)1995: 460 sitesO-horizon, 0-3 cm32 elements, ICP-MS

  26. Concentrations of Mn, Sr, and Ba in 1995 surface soils (µg/g)

  27. Concentrations of As, Sb, and Pb in 1995 surface soils (µg/g)

  28. Soil 1995: Factor analysis, all samples

  29. Factor analysis after excluding samples with >30% ash and samples near Zn smelter.

  30. Classification of minor and trace elements in natural surface soils according to sources: Mainly with natural mineral component: Li, Be, Ti, V, Cr, Ge, Zr, REE, Hf Reflecting local geocemistry but surface enriched through ”plant pumping”: Mn, Zn, Rb, Cs, Ba Mainly derived from atmospheric supply of marine salts: Sr, B, Cl, Br, I Depleted in coastal areas due to replacement with marine cations: Mn, Ga, Rb, Ag, Ba Supplied by long-range transport of pollutants: Zn, Ge, As, Mo, Cd, Sb,Tl, Pb,Bi Markedly affected by local sources of air pollution: Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd

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