Understanding Cancer: Causes, Classification, Treatment

1. Cancer MedicineChapter 19 Oncology

2. Cancer • Abnormal and excessive growth of cells in the body. • Cells accumulate as growths called malignant tumors which compress, invade and ultimately destroy normal tissue.

3. Tumors/Neoplasms • Masses or growths that arise from normal tissue. • May be malignant or benign • Malignant tumors multiply rapidly and are invasive.

4. Malignant Tumors • Cells can detach themselves from the primary tumor site and penetrate a blood vessel or lymphatic vessel and travel to establish a new tumor at a distant site. • Secondary growth is called a metastasis.

6. What causes cancer? • Carcinogenesis: transformation of a normal cell to a cancerous one • Damage to genetic material

7. Carcinogenesis- page 773-774 • Environmental Agents • Chemical carcinogens (cigarette smoke) • Radiation • Viruses (RNA and DNA) • Oncogenes – cause normal cells to become malignant if they are activated by mutations • Heredity

10. Classification of Cancerous Tumors – page 799 Carcinomas epithelial cell origin, 90% of all malignancies are carcinomas largest group of solid tumors

11. Carcinomas and the epithelial tissues from which they derive

12. Carcinomas and the epithelial tissues from which they derive (cont.)

13. Classification of Cancerous Tumors • Sarcomas: connective tissue origin, 5% of all malignancies

14. Sarcomas and the connective tissues from which they derive

15. Sarcomas and the connective tissues from which they derive (cont.)

16. Classification of Cancerous Tumors Mixed Tissue Tumors: tissues capable of differentiating into epithelial and connective tissue.

17. Grading and Staging of Tumors – page 805 Grade: Degree of maturity or differentiation under the microscope Stage: Extent of spread in the body

18. International TNM Staging System for Lung Cancer

19. International TNM Staging System for Lung Cancer (cont.)

20. Cancer Treatment – page 806 • 4 major approaches • Surgery • Radiation Therapy • Chemotherapy • Biological Therapy – using body’s own defense

23. Brachytherapy – Radiation Seeds

24. Combining Forms – page 818 • alveol/o – small sac (alveolar) • cac/o – bad (cachexia) • carcin/o – cancer (carcinoma) • cauter/o – burn, heat (cauterization) • chem/o – chemical drug (chemotherapy) • cry/o – cold (cryosurgery) • cyst/o – sac of fluid (cystic tumor) • fibr/o – fibers (fibrosarcoma)

25. Cryosurgery

26. Combining Forms – page 819 • follicul/o – small glandular sacs • fung/I – fungus, mushroom • medull/o – soft , inner part (medullary tumor) • mucos/o – mucous membrane

27. Combining Forms – page 819 • mut/a – genetic change (mutation) • mutagen/o – causing genetic change • onc/o – tumor (oncology) • papill/o – nipple like (papillary)

29. Combining Forms – page 819 • pharmac/o – chemical drug (pharmacy) • plas/o – formation (dysplastic) • ple/o – many, more (pleomorphic)

30. Combining Forms • polyp/o - polyp • radi/o – rays, x-ray (radiotherapy) • sarc/o – flesh, connective tissue (sarcoma)

31. Suffixes – page 820 -blastoma- immature tumor -genesis - formation -oma – mass, tumor -

32. Suffixes – page 820 plasia – formation, growth (hyperplasia) -plasm – formation, growth (neoplasm) -suppression – to stop therapy - treatment

33. Prefixes – page 820 ana- backward (anaplasia) brachy- short (brachytherapy) epi- upon

34. Prefixes – page 820 meta- beyond, change (metastasis) tele- far (teletherapy)

35. Protein Markers – page 821 • Measure the levels of proteins in the blood or on a surface of a tumor. • Presence of these markers tells they type of cancer. • See text for specific markers

36. Clinical Procedures to Detect or Treat Malignancies – page 821-822 • Bone marrow biopsy • Bone marrow or stem cell transplant • CT scans • Fiberoptic colonoscopy • Exfoliative cytology • Laparoscopy • Mammography • MRI • Needle biopsy • Radionuclide scans • Ultrasound • X-rays