Introductory Questions Chapter 1

1. Introductory Questions Chapter 1 “The Science of Biology”

2. Chapter 1:The Science of Biology 1-1 What is Science? 1-2 How Scientists Work? 1-3 Studying Life 1-4Tools and Procedures

3. Tonight’s Homework (Tues. 8/30) • Cover Textbook (Fri. check) - 2pts • Register yourself on Textbook site • Use the Handout and go to: • www.pearsonsuccessnet.com • Read Chapter 1 (sect. 1-1) • Do the “Section Assessment Questions” #1-6 on pg. 7

4. Introductory Questions Set #1 • What is the goal of science? (see pg. 3) • How is an observation different from and inference? • A proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations using prior knowledge is called a(n) _____________. • Why are collaborative groups typically used to solve complex problems? (pg. 5) • True or False: Biological science is basically a set of truths that never change. Briefly explain your response.

5. 1-1 What is Science? • Goal of Science –_________________________________ _______________ • Science is unique because: • It deals only with the __________________ • Scientists collect and organize information looking for ___________________________between events • Scientists propose ______________ that can be tested by examining _________________ to understand, explain and make predictions about the natural world natural world patterns and connections explanations evidence

6. What is Science? • Science is a ______________ and the _____________that results from the scientific process • Science is ever changing • New technology and discoveries • lead to new _______________ • ____________ of old knowledge • Scientists need to be skeptical, open-minded, creative, logical way of knowing body of knowledge knowledge rejection

7. The main steps of the scientific method With the scientific method, we pose and test hypotheses Observation Question Hypothesis Prediction Test does notsupport hypothesis; revise hypothesis or pose new one Test supports hypothesis; make additional predictions and test them Test: Experiment oradditionalobservation Figure 1.3A

8. Scientific Method Observations Ask Questions Form a Hypothesis (make predictions) Test these predictions w/Experimentation Interpret Results Draw conclusions (accept or reject hypothesis) Repeat Experiment to increase validity

9. Sampling Error

10. Science is a way of knowing Thinking like a Scientist • Observation: using one or more ____________ (sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch) to gather ______ • Data – the _________ gathered from observations • qualitative – _____________ ex. color, texture, smell, taste • quantitative – ____________ ex. amount, size, volume, time senses data information descriptive involves numbers

11. Science is a way of knowing Thinking like a Scientist • _____________: using data to make logical conclusions based on prior knowledge and experience. • Samples taken from difference parts of a reservoir were safe and uncontaminated  _______________________________ • The animal in that tree has wings that animal can fly Inference the water in the reservoir is safe to drink

12. Tonight’s Homework (Wed. 8/31) • Cover Textbook (Fri. check) - 2pts • Register yourself on Textbook site • Use the Handout and go to: • www.pearsonsuccessnet.com • Read Chapter 1 (sect. 1-2) • Do the “Section Assessment Questions” #1-5 on pg. 15

13. Introductory Questions Set #2 1. True or False: The study of Biology started fairly recently. 2. How is Aristole’s views different than today’s? 3. At one time people believed that living things could suddenly appear? Name three pieces of evidence that led people to think this. (pg. 8) 4. Life that arises from non-living matter was referred to as ___________ ___________. 5. If I wanted to test a hypothesis, what do I have to do? 6. True or False: When you test a hypothesis you should change only one variable at a time leaving all the others unchanged (controlled).

14. Introductory Questions Set #3 A scientist, Redi, designed an experiment with meat, flies, guaze, and a jar. What was he trying to determine? What was his hypothesis? What was the only variable he manipulated? Name the twp people that repeated Redi’s experiment. How were these experiments different? What was concluded? (see pg. 11) Why did Louis Pasteur use a flask with a long curved neck in his experiment? What did Pasteur determine regarding spontaneous generation? (see pg. 13) Pasteur showed that all living things come from other __________ __________.

15. Observation Activity • Write down observations of the object in front of you using any available materials on the cart. • Try to come up with at least - 3 Quantitative observations - 3 Qualitative observations • Can you make any inferences about the object in front of you?

16. Science is a way of knowing Explaining and interpreting evidence • Hypothesis: • possible explanation for observations or an educated guess __________________to a question • Developed from ______________, logical inferences, ____________ __________________ preliminary explanation prior knowledge Informed imagination

17. Science is a way of knowing Explaining and interpreting evidence • Hypothesis • Must be testable via • _______________ • _______________ • _______________ • Conclusions • __________ hypothesis (accept) • partly true but needs more data • refute hypothesis (_____________) experimentation observation compiling more data support reject

18. 1-2 How Scientists Work • Testing Hypotheses • Scientists test hypotheses through ______________________or the compiling of data that already exists • The __________________ is used with variations based on which type of test is being done. • We will go through the steps of a __________ experiment experimentation, observation Scientific method controlled

19. 1-2 How Scientists Work • Designing an Experiment • Asking a Question • ________________ of the natural world lead to questions • Ex. ____________________________ • Forming a Hypothesis • A ____________________________for a question or phenomenon • Ex. ____________________________ _______________ Observations Redi: Where do maggots come from? Testable proposed explanation Redi: Maggots come from flies laying small eggs

20. Section 1-2 Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation OBSERVATIONS:Fliesland on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat. HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots. PROCEDURE Uncovered jars Covered jars CONTROLLED VARIABLES: jars, type of meat, location, temperature, time Several days pass INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Manipulated: gauze covering that keeps flies away from meat DEPENDENT VARIABLE Responding: whether maggots appear Maggots appear No maggots appear CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.

21. 1-2 How Scientists Work (pgs. 10-11) • Redi’s Expt: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. (no maggots in the jar covered with gauze) • Spontaneous generation was shown to possibly be not occurring. • Needham followed up Redi’s Experiment.

22. Needham’s Experiment (see pg. 11) • He thought spontaneous generation does occur and tested his claims. • “animalcules” were used (Leeuwenhoek) • Gravy was heated in a sealed bottle. • Assumed: heat killed anything living in it • He found these little animals swarming inside days later. Conclusion: life emerged from the gravy supporting the idea of spontaneous generation. • This finding was challenged by Spallanzani who thought Needham didn’t heat the samples long enough.

23. Spallanzani’s Experiment

24. Spallanzani’s Experiment (pg. 11) • See figure on pg. 11 • He sealed one jar and left another one open. • The open jar was teaming with micoorganisms while the sealed jar had nothing living in it. • Conclusion: non-living gravy did not produce living things (spontaneous generation was not supported)

25. Pasteur’s Experiment Broth is boiled. Broth is free of microorganisms for a year. Curved neck is removed. Broth is teeming with microorganisms.

27. Introductory Questions Set #3 A scientist, Redi, designed an experiment with meat, flies, guaze, and a jar. What was he trying to determine? What was his hypothesis? What was the only variable he manipulated? Name the twp people that repeated Redi’s experiment. How were these experiments different? What was concluded? (see pg. 11) Why did Louis Pasteur use a flask with a long curved neck in his experiment? What did Pasteur determine regarding spontaneous generation? (see pg. 13) Pasteur showed that all living things come from other __________ __________.

28. Examine the Historical Timeline of Major Scientific Discoveries on Pgs. 12 & 13 • Match each person with their discovery. Published “On Origin of Species” in 1859 A. Vesalius Described how blood circulates. B. Pasteur Developed the first vaccine against Anthrax. C. Watson & Crick Published the 1st accurate details of the Human body.D. Darwin Determined the structure of DNA. E. Leeuwenhoek Designed the 1st microscope and observes cells. F. Harvey

29. Tonight’s Homework (Tues. 9/6) • Read Pgs. 16-22 (section 1-3) “Studying Life” • Do the Section Assessment Quest. #1-6

30. Introductory Questions Set #4 When doing Experiments, why do scientists have to consider Ethical issues? (see pg. 14) In science how do we describe or define a theory? What would be a higher standard than a theory? (see pg. 15) Make a list of key BOLD terms that are mentioned in Section 1-3 (Pgs. 16-22) hint; there eight terms you should write. What does “bio” and “ology” mean? Name THREE things that all living things have in common. (see list on pg. 16) Give three differences between sexual and asexual reproduction.

31. The main steps of the scientific method With the scientific method, we pose and test hypotheses Observation Question Hypothesis Prediction Test does notsupport hypothesis; revise hypothesis or pose new one Test supports hypothesis; make additional predictions and test them Test: Experiment oradditionalobservation Figure 1.3A

32. Designing an Experiment • Setting up a Controlled Experiment • A good experiment • repeatable • _____ sample size • _________ data or _________qualitative data tests one dependent variable at a time large measurable defined

33. Designing an Experiment Something that can be different/varied • Testing variables • __________ – the variables that are kept the same • Independent (__________) – the variable that is ______________ to test a result • Dependent (responding) – the variablethat ___________. The variable that is being _________. Control manipulated changed on purpose Changes in response tested

34. Designing an Experiment • Recording Data • _____________ are used to record and organize data • Computers or laboratory notebooks are used to ___________ • Analyzing results • Results are analyzed using ___________ _________________ • ________ Graph – compares data sets • ________ Graph – shows trends Data Tables keep data statistics, graphs and charts Bar Line

35. Designing an Experiment • Drawing Conclusions • _______________ Hypothesis • Infer information based on results • Publishing Results • ______________ allows for other scientists to • ___________ experiments or test hypothesis in different ways • Needham, Spallanzani and Pasteur • determine whether the experiment _____________________ • ______________ information with others Accept or reject Peer Review repeat was done properly share

36. Development of a Theory • Theory: • A well tested ____________ for natural events • A well tested ____________________ _____________ that are supported and widely accepted may become a theory • The ____________________ developed from scientists attempting to test the idea of spontaneous generation explanation hypothesis or group of hypotheses Theory of Biogenesis

37. Development of a Theory • Some major theories in Science • These theories are the way we _________ different aspects of Science • No theory is _______________. As new evidence arises the theories can shift to account for new knowledge. • Ptolemaic Model (_______________ solar system) vs. Copernican Model (___________ solar system) Cell Theory, Evolution, Germ Theory of Disease, Plate Tectonics, The Big Bang explain absolute truth/fact Earth centered sun centered

38. Review of Section 1-3: Characteristics of Living Things Section 1-3 Characteristics of Living Things Characteristic Examples Living things are made up of units called cells. Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell. Animals and trees are multicellular. Living things reproduce. Maple trees reproduce sexually. A hydra can reproduce asexually by budding. Living things are based on a universal genetic code. Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from maple trees produce maple trees. Living things grow and develop. Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and then become adult flies. Living things obtain and use materials and energy. Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals obtain their energy from the food they eat. Birds migrate in response to changes in weather. Living things respond to their environment. Despite changes in the temperature of the environment, a robin maintains a constant body temperature. Living things maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis). Taken as a group, living things change over time. Plants that live in the desert survive because they have become adapted to the conditions of the desert.

39. Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Single parent Genetic clones are produced Typically observed in unicellular organisms (Bacteria) Sexual Reproduction Exchange of genetic information Variations of the parents are produced Allows for future adaptations

40. Homework (Wed. 9/7) Read Pgs. 24-28 (section 1-4) “Tools & Procedures” Do the Section Assessment Quest. #1-5

41. Introductory Questions Set #5 The combination of all the chemical reactions in an organism is process called ____. (see pg. 18) How is an organism able to respond to its environment? Why is this an important characteristic for life? See (pg. 19) Organisms can keep their internal conditions such as temperature stable by a process known as _________. How would you define the process evolution? Which level of organization is missing? Community-Population- ______ - Tissues- Cells (se Fig. 1-21 on pg. 21)

42. Key Terms from Sect. 1-3 • Cell • Sexual Reproduction • Asexual reproduction • Genetic Code (DNA) • Homeostasis • Metabolism • Stimulus • Evolution

43. Figure 1-21 Levels of Organization Review continued: Levels of Organization Section 1-3 Biosphere The part of Earth that contains all ecosystems Biosphere Ecosystem Community and its nonliving surroundings biotic/abiotic Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air Community Populations that live together in a defined area Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass Population Group of organisms of one type that live in the same area Bison herd

44. Section 1-3 Levels of Organization continued Organism Individual living thing Bison Tissues, organs, and organ systems Groups of Cells Nervous system Brain Nervous tissue Smallest functional unit of life Cells Nerve cell Groups of atoms; smallest unit of most chemical compounds Molecules DNA Water

45. Hierarchical Levels of Organization (reductionism) – pg. 4-5 Atom Molecules Macromolecules Organelles Cells Tissue Organs Organ Systems Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biomes Biosphere http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/scienceopticsu/powersof10/ (Powers of ten video)

46. Charles Darwin is a central figure in biology He synthesized the theory of evolution by natural selection A theory in science is a comprehensive idea with broad explanatory power Evolution is the core theme of biology Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life (pgs. 20 & Ch. 15) Figure 1.6A

47. The theory of natural selection explains the main mechanism whereby all species of organisms change, or evolve (1) Population with varied inherited traits (2) Elimination of individuals with certain traits (3) Reproduction of survivors Figure 1.6B

48. 5 Kingdoms Ex. Mushroom, yeast, athletes foot • Multicellular • Can not move • Cannot make own food Ex. Human, cat, horse • Multicellular • Can move • Cannot make own food Ex. Carrot, Tree, Rose • Multicellular • Can not move • Makes own food Ex. Ameoba, Algae • Unicellular • Some can move • Some make own food Ex. Bacteria (Prokaryote) • Unicellular • Some can move • Some make own food

49. 1-4 Tools and Procedures • The Metric System • In everyday life you may use the Standard system • inches, pounds, feet , miles • this system is not standardized and is difficult to work with • In Science the ______________ is used (aka: SI, International System of Units) • __________ system where units are scaled by factors of _________ • a factor of 10 is one decimal place metric Decimal 10

50. The Metric System Appropriate Tool ruler balance graduated cylinder thermometer