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Heart and Blood Vessels Ch. 8 Major Arteries and Veins

Heart and Blood Vessels Ch. 8 Major Arteries and Veins. Jugular vein. Carotid artery. Subclavian vein. Superior vena cava. Subclavian artery. Inferior vena cava. Aorta. Renal artery. Renal vein. Common iliac vein. Femoral vein. Femoral artery. Common iliac artery.

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Heart and Blood Vessels Ch. 8 Major Arteries and Veins

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  1. Heart and Blood Vessels Ch. 8Major Arteries and Veins Jugular vein Carotid artery Subclavian vein Superiorvena cava Subclavian artery Inferiorvena cava Aorta Renal artery Renal vein Commoniliac vein Femoral vein Femoral artery Commoniliac artery Great saphenous vein Figure 8.9

  2. Blood Vessels—Arterial System • Structure: endothelium, middle, outer layers • Functions • Arteries carry blood away from heart • Arterioles and precapillary sphincters control pressure • Capillaries exchange nutrients, waste, and defensive cells between vessel and tissue

  3. Arterioles and Capillaries Figure 8.2

  4. Capillary Structure Figure 8.3

  5. Blood Vessels—Venous System • Structure: three layers, thin-walled • Functions: carry blood toward the heart • Mechanisms in blood return • Contraction of skeletal muscles • One-way valves • Pressure changes associated with breathing

  6. Blood Vessels—Venous System Figure 8.6

  7. Blood Vessels—Summary Direction ofblood flow Outer layer:Connectivetissue Middle layer:Smooth musclewith elasticfibers Inner layer:Endothelium Vein Artery Connective tissue Smooth muscle Endothelium Venule Arteriole Capillary Epithelial cells ofcapillary endothelium Tissuecells Figure 8.1

  8. The Heart Aorta Superior vena cava Left pulmonary artery Right pulmonary artery Pulmonary trunk Left pulmonary veins Left atrium Pulmonarysemilunar valve Aortic semilunar valve Left AV valve Right atrium Left ventricle Right AV valve Chordae tendineae Right ventricle Papillary muscles Septum Inferior vena cava Figure 8.7

  9. The Heart • Structure • Layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium • Chambers: two atrias, two ventricles • Valves • Two atrioventricular valves: tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) • Two semilunar valves: pulmonary and aortic

  10. Pulmonary Circuit—Oxygenation of Blood • Pathway • Deoxygenated blood from the body into heart

  11. Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits Jugular vein Carotid artery Subclavian vein Superiorvena cava Subclavian artery Inferiorvena cava Aorta Renal artery Renal vein Commoniliac vein Femoral vein Femoral artery Commoniliac artery Great saphenous vein Figure 8.9

  12. Cardiac Cycle Figure 8.11

  13. Cardiac Conduction System Coordinates Contraction • SA node: cardiac pacemaker • AV node: relays impulse • AV bundle and Purkinje fibers: carry impulse to ventricles Figure 8.13

  14. How Blood Pressure is Measured Figure 8.16

  15. Regulation: Nervous and Endocrine Factors • Medulla oblongata signals • Sympathetic nerves: constrict blood vessels, raising blood pressure • Parasympathetic nerves: dilate blood vessels, lowering blood pressure • Hormones: epinephrine (adrenaline) • Local requirements dictate local blood flow • Exercise: increased blood flow and cardiac output

  16. Cardiovascular Disorders • Angina pectoris: a warning • Myocardial infarction/heart attack: permanent cardiac damage • Congestive heart failure: decrease in pumping efficiency • Embolism: blockage of blood vessels • Stroke: impaired blood flow to the brain

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