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Evaluation Methods

Learn about common methods used to evaluate ACSM, how they support the evaluation process, and specific examples in a treatment support program. Explore the role of quantitative and qualitative techniques in data analysis and interpretation.

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Evaluation Methods

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  1. Evaluation Methods

  2. Objectives • Describe the most common quantitative and qualitative methods used to evaluate ACSM. • Demonstrate the role of these methods in supporting ACSM evaluation.

  3. Evaluation of Treatment Support Program Quantitative Qualitative Interviews with 20 patients who left treatment early. _____________________________ What they experienced during treatment. Why they left treatment. Ideas for improving the treatment support system. Patient data from 10 TB clinics. _____________________________ • How many patients left treatment early. • How many weeks of treatment were completed. • % default by gender, ethnicity, age.

  4. What are Quantitative Methods? • Analyze numerical data. • Use standard tools (e.g., questionnaires). • Need precision and reliability! • Often use large sample sizes with sophisticated methods to select participants. • Results are generalized to a population. Example: The TB prevalence survey planned for Nigeria will include 49,000 people selected from 700 clusters representing six zones.

  5. What are Qualitative Methods? • Provide in-depth, detailed information on behavior, opinions, ideas, etc. • Analyze text, words, pictures, or interview transcripts instead of numbers. • Use open-ended data collection tools. • Usually smaller sample sizes.

  6. Quantitative Methods • Analysis of routine surveillance and NTP data. • Analysis of program or project data. • Simple surveys. • Population-based surveys: • KAP, prevalence.

  7. Method: Analysis of Routine Surveillance and NTP Data • Existing Ministry of Health reporting system data: • Vital registration data. • Routine reports from disease-specific programs. • Hospital data. • Data usually available; no special data collection needed. • Quality may be a concern: completeness, timeliness, accuracy may not be good.

  8. Examples: Routine Surveillance • Number of deaths due to TB in State B in 2010. • Prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection by age and gender. • Number of TB cases reported in 2012. • Percentage of MDR-TB cases among new reported cases in 2012.

  9. Using NTP Data to Prioritize ACSM Quarterly review of SS+ case notification • Which districts report an increase in SS+ case notification? • Which district reported the highest number of retreatment cases? • Where is TB/HIV co-infection the highest?

  10. Method: Analysis of ACSM Program Data • Collect and analyze key output and outcome indicators over the life of the project. • Data come directly from your project. • Quantitative indicators and sources: • Advocacy. • Communication. • Social mobilization.

  11. TB Screening Referrals from Community Health Workers, District X, 2011 57% 55% 40% 8% 18% 20% 15%

  12. Contribution of Community Health Workers to TBCase Notification in District X, 2011

  13. Give Your Data Meaning and Importance • Interpret results within a larger context. • Link project data with routine/NTP data to show contribution. • Monitoring: How many did we refer and how many were diagnosed with TB? • Evaluation: How much did our referrals ultimately contribute to overall case notification in the district?

  14. Method: Population-Based Surveys • Provide data on priority indicators that can be generalized to a population. • % of adults 15 years and older who correctly identify chronic cough as a TB symptom. • Usually requires a large research team, specialized expertise, and a full-time survey manager. • Nigeria 2011/2012 prevalence survey includes 49,000!!!

  15. What is a KAP Survey? • KAP = knowledge, attitudes, and practices • Population-based survey—very large sample size! • Face-to-face interviews with standard tool. • Provides summary data on KAP. • Averages, percentages, totals, ranges, etc.

  16. What does a KAP survey tell us? Knowledge, attitudes, and practices • What does the population know about TB? • What myths or misinformation are common? • What stigmas are related to TB? • Where do people seek care? • What media channels are used by this population?

  17. Essential Components: KAP Survey • Appropriate sampling strategy • Standardized, pre-tested questionnaire • Field protocol and manual • Trained, UNBIASED data collection team • Data analysis plan • Data use strategy • BUDGET!

  18. Method: Simple Surveys • Information from a smaller, targeted sub-group: • Village surveys. • Basic questionnaires. • Polls. • Faster and easier, but less scientifically rigorous than KAP surveys. • Cannot generalize the results to a larger population.

  19. Qualitative Methods • Focus group discussions • Key informant interviews • Exit interviews • Media scans

  20. Method: Focus Group Discussions • Small group (6–10 people). • Gather opinions, insights, thoughts, and feelings about a topic. • Led by a moderator; assisted by a notetaker. • Semi-structured guide with key questions. • May be recorded, transcribed, formally analyzed with software. • Useful for pre-testing communication materials.

  21. Method: Key Informant Interviews • Face-to-face interview with critical individuals: • Policymakers, opinion leaders. • Those who represent key stakeholders (e.g., NGO directors, association leaders). • Marginalized, vulnerable populations who do not wantto participate in groups. • Good for collecting sensitive, personal, or confidential information. • Limited perspectives.

  22. Interviews or Focus Groups? • What do patients think of a new brochure on treatment adherence? Focus Group • How can we get the directors of TB clinics and HIV centers to collaborate more? Interviews • What do HIV-positive injection drugs users know about TB symptoms and diagnosis? Focus Group or Interviews

  23. Exit Interviews • Evaluate short-term outcomes of changes to service delivery. • Standardized instrument used to gather data on patient experiences with a clinic or specific provider. • Can measure patient satisfaction and monitor provider behavior after training.

  24. Media Scans • Search media for how a specific topic is covered: • What are the most common messages about TB? • How often is TB discussed in the media? Is it a “hot” topic? • Is the information about TB accurate? • Are the messages stigmatizing? • Useful to evaluate interventions with journalists. • Formal or informal.

  25. Q&A/Resources

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