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Overview of NASA ’ s EOS

Lesson 2 Earth System Observation: NASA ’ s Earth Observation System (EOS) Satellites NOAA ’ s Polar Orbiting and Geostationary Satellites. Overview of NASA ’ s EOS. Satellite Orbits Overview of NASA Earth Observation System Principle of R&S Passive and active RS

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Overview of NASA ’ s EOS

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  1. Lesson 2Earth System Observation:NASA’s Earth Observation System (EOS) SatellitesNOAA’s Polar Orbiting and Geostationary Satellites

  2. Overview of NASA’s EOS • Satellite Orbits • Overview of NASA Earth Observation System • Principle of R&S • Passive and active RS • Major parameters measured from space • Validation of R/S products This slide provided by Jon Ranson Project Scientist, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, jon.ranson@gsfc.nasa.gov

  3. Geostationary Orbit

  4. NASA’S Earth Observation System • EOS (Earth Observing System) • Earth system science wouldn’t emerge and develop so fast without the NASA’s earth observation system. • EOS is the principal component within the Earth Science Enterprise • Develop an understanding of the total Earth system, and the effects of natural and human-induced changes on the global environment • Expand scientific knowledge of the Earth system using NASA’s unique capabilities from the vantage points of space, aircraft, and in situ platforms • Disseminate information about the Earth system • Mission objectives • Acquire and assemble a global database emphasizing remote sensing measurements from space over a decade or more • Improve predictive models of the Earth system

  5. EOS Missions QuikScat Terra Landsat 7 QuikScat Terra ACRIMSAT Jason-1 SAGE III Aqua ICESat SORCE Aura Landsat 7 Jason-1 Aura SAGE III SORCE Aqua ICESat

  6. The Afternoon Constellation“A-Train” 2007 • The Afternoon constellation consists of 5 U.S. and international Earth Science satellites that fly within approximately 15 minutes of each other to enable coordinated science • The joint measurements provide an unprecedented sensor system for Earth observations

  7. Major Satellite and Sensors Used in this Course (Continued) Resource Satellite • Landsat (1972-present) • Remote sensing at high spatial resolution of the Earth’s land masses • Open skies policy of access to data on the world’s environment • ERTS-1 renamed Landsat 1 in January 1975 Radiation Research Satellite • Nimbus (launches 1964-1978) • Successor to the polar-orbiting TIROS 1-3 series • Medium resolution satellites with sensors for monitoring the Earth’s atmosphere (ozone and other trace gases in the stratosphere, aerosols, radiation budget, clouds, temperature), oceans (ocean color & sea surface temperature), and cryosphere (sea ice) • Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (1985-1989, 1985-199? • launch October 5, 1984) • Earth radiation budget and solar occultation of aerosols and ozone • first science satellite launched by the shuttle (Challenger; Sally Ride)

  8. Recent History of Digital Remote Sensing Precipitation • TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission; launch November 27, 1997) • tropical rainfall measurement using spaceborne radar and passive microwave sensing (joint NASA & NASDA) Atmospheric Profile • UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, launch September 14, 1991 • global photochemistry of the upper atmosphere • launched by the shuttle (Discovery) Sea-Level • TOPEX/Poseidon (Ocean Topography Experiment, launch August 10, 1992) • radar altimetry of ocean surface topography (joint NASA & CNES)

  9. The Afternoon Constellation “A-Train” • The Afternoon constellation consists of 7 U.S. and international Earth Science satellites that fly within approximately 30 minutes of each other to enable coordinated science • The joint measurements provide an unprecedented sensor system for Earth observations

  10. NASA Earth Science Spacecraft in Orbit TRMM 11/27/97 Landsat 7 4/15/99 QuikScat 6/19/99 Terra 12/18/99

  11. EOS Spacecraft Under Development EO-1 11/21/00 Aqua 7/01 ICESat 12/01 Aura 7/03

  12. Aqua/MODIS Coverage 1 day coverage 2 day coverage July 11, 2005 July 11-12, 2005

  13. Discipline Measurement EOS-AM Instruments Earth Observing System Measurements Atmosphere Cloud Properties MODIS, MISR, ASTER Radiative Energy Fluxes CERES, MODIS, MISR Precipitation Tropospheric Chemistry MOPITT Stratospheric Chemistry Aerosol Properties MISR, MODIS Atmospheric Temperature MODIS Atmospheric Humidity MODIS Lightning Solar Radiation Total Solar Radiation Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance

  14. Discipline Measurement EOS-AM Instruments Earth Observing System Measurements Ocean Surface Temperature MODIS Phytoplankton MODIS, MISR Dissolved Organic Matter MODIS, MISR Surface Wind Fields Ocean Surface Topography Cryosphere Land Ice Change ASTER Sea Ice MODIS, ASTER Snow Cover MODIS, ASTER

  15. Discipline Measurement EOS-AM Instruments Earth Observing System Measurements Land Land Cover/Land Use Change MODIS, MISR, ASTER Vegetation Dynamics MODIS, MISR, ASTER Surface Temperature MODIS, ASTER Fire Occurrence MODIS, ASTER Volcanic Effects MODIS, MISR, ASTER Surface Wetness

  16. Major Satellite and Sensors for Weather Weather Satellites • GOES 1-15 (1975-present) • High temporal resolution geosynchronous satellites fixed over the equator at about 35,800km • hemispheric views of the Earth every 15 minutes • Meteosat (Europe), GMS (Japan), and INSAT (India) complement GOES-E and GOES-W in a global meteorological geosynchronous constellation • POES (Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites) • TIROS-N (1978) & NOAA 6-19 (1979-present) • Remote sensing at moderate resolution of the Earth’s land, ocean, and atmosphere • backbone of the US (NOAA’s) operational meteorological program • operational instruments AVHRR, HIRS/MSU/SSU (TOVS), SBUV

  17. Geosynchronous Meteorological Satellites WMO Member States

  18. Spectral Distribution of Energy Radiated from Blackbodies at Various Temperatures

  19. Spectral Characteristics of Energy Sources and Sensing Systems

  20. Why do we use different channels Biomass burning Cuiabá, Brazil (August 25, 1995) 10 km q0 = 36° R = 0.66 µm G = 0.55 µm B = 0.47 µm R = 1.65 µm G = 1.2 µm B = 2.1 µm 20 km AVIRIS Data

  21. Spectral Characteristics of Atmospheric Transmission and Sensing Systems

  22. Typical Spectral Reflectance Curves for Vegetation, Soil, and Water

  23. Generalized Spectral Reflectance Envelopes for Deciduous and Coniferous Trees

  24. Specular versus Diffuse Reflectance

  25. LIDAR Measurement Concept

  26. Diagram of Radar Transmission and Reception (Fig. 1.1 from Batan and Fig. 8.1 from Stephens)

  27. CALIPSO/CALIOP (Lidar)June 7, 2006 Aura/OMI Column SO2

  28. New EOS science results published in lay terms on NASA’s new, award-winning Web site: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov

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