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Microprocessor system design

Microprocessor system design. Course Introduction. Microprocessor System design et011g. Micro-controllers. History of Computer. Introduction. Course Aims?. Invisible computing. Course contents?. History. Human’s calculations and computations.

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Microprocessor system design

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  1. Microprocessor system design Course Introduction Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  2. Microprocessor System design et011g Micro-controllers History of Computer • Introduction Course Aims? Invisible computing Course contents? Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  3. History Human’s calculations and computations Humans needed to count, calculate and compute since the beginning. They needed to count times, distances, money (sheep, cattle )etc. With development of human society, they had to do advanced calculations to make tide charts, navigational tables and planetary positions for astronomical almanacs. Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  4. History Human’s calculations and computations Later on they started computing to precisely hit their enemies with trebuchets, cannons and bomber jets. With the growing need, dedicated people were hired to make repetitive or/and complex calculations. Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  5. History The term "computer“ was used in the mid 17th century. The approach was used for astronomical and other complex calculations. Human computers Human computers have played integral roles in the World War II ‘Human computers’ performing repetitive computing to compute navigational tables, tide charts, and planetary positions for astronomical almanacs. Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  6. History Early computation devices Abacus: The abacus was an early aid for mathematical computations. An Abacus expert can do addition and subtraction at same speed as with calculator. Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  7. History Early computation devices The period 2700-2300 BC saw the first appearance in Sumerian civilisation Greek historian mentioned the use of Abacus in ancientEgypt  Achaemenid Persian Empire, around 600 BC Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  8. History Early computation devices John Napier invented Logarithms in 1617 that allows multiplication to be performed via additions In 1632 a slide rule was build using the Napier’s Log table. It was still in use until 1960 by NASA engineers of Apollo program. Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  9. History mechanical computers Blaise Pascal (19) invented Pascaline in 1642 for his tax collector father. Still the mechanical odometers use the Pascaline’s mechanism to increment the next wheel after each revolution of prior wheel. Step Reckonerby Wilhelm Leibniz: It was the first calculator that could perform all four arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.  Leibniz was the first to advocate use of the binary number system Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  10. History 1801,Joseph Marie Jacquard introduced wooden punch cards to feed pattern to power looms that could weave fabric and print design on it. Punch card computers The presence or absence of holes in predefined positions would physically allows a thread to pass or stops that thread. This punched card idea was later used in many mechanical computers for programming . Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  11. History Punch card computers Jacquard's Loom showing the threads and the punched cards Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  12. History Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  13. History Middle decades of 19th century…..times of unprecedented engineering ambitions. Steam engines had started powering up. mechanical computers • Charles Babbage embarked on an ambitious venture to design and build mechanical calculating engines. 'I wish to God these calculations had been executed by steam' Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  14. History mechanical computers • Difference Engine was the first idea that would compute logarithm tables but never completed . • Babbage came with another idea Analytic Machine power by 6 steam engines. • It was programmable with punch cards used to feed instructions and also to store data. Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  15. History mechanical computers • Herman Hollerith invented a counting machine called Hollerith desk for 1890 US census. The machine was build using the Jacquard’s punched cards and Pascal's gear wheel technologies. • Hollerith build a company, the Tabulating Machine Company which eventually became the International Business Machines (IBM) Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  16. History Electro-mechanical computers • WW-II, Precise calculation for shell trajectory was required • U.S. had battleships that could lob shells weighing as much as a small car over distances up to 25 miles. • Physicists could write the equations that described how atmospheric drag, wind, gravity, muzzle velocity, etc. would determine the trajectory of the shell.  But solving such equations was extremely laborious. Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  17. History Electro-mechanical computers • Mark I was first programmable digital computer made by a partnership b/w Harvard and IBM in 1944 to perform military job. • It was not purely electronic but was constructed out of relays, rotating shafts and clutches. • The machine weighed 5 tons, incorporated 500 miles of wire, was 8 feet tall and 51 feet long, and had a 50 ft rotating shaft running its length, turned by a 5 horsepower electric motor.  Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  18. History Electro-mechanical computers Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  19. History First Computer BUG found Grace Hopper found the first computer "bug": a dead moth that had gotten into the Mark I and whose wings were blocking the reading of the holes in the paper tape. The word "bug" had been used to describe a defect since at least 1889 but Hopper is credited with coining the word "debugging" to describe the work to eliminate program faults. In 1953 Grace Hopper invented the first high-level language, "Flow-matic“ which eventually became COBOL She also constructed the world's first compiler. Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  20. History The Mark I operated on numbers that were 23 digits wide. Add or subtract two of these numbers in three-tenths of a second. Multiply them in four seconds. Divide them in ten seconds. Store 72 numbers. “Six electronic digital computers would be sufficient to satisfy the computing needs of the entire United States.” Howard Aiken Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  21. History Electronic Computers • Then the microelectronic revolution allowed the things to change in the way we have today. • Apple I came as a home computer in 1976. Designed and hand-built by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, the Apple I was Apple's first product, and went on sale in July 1976. It was the first commercially successful home computer to feature both a mouse-based input system, as well as an easy-to-use graphical user interface. Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  22. History Computer in electronic age • History of electronic computer development is divided into 5 generations. • 1st Generation: Vacuum Tube Computers • 2nd Generation: Transistor Computers • 3rd Generation: Integrated IC • 4th Generation: VLSI (processors) • Major changes occur in the areas: • Size, Cost, Efficiency, Reliability Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  23. History 1st Generation: Vacuum Tubes • 1906 Lee de Forest invents the vacuum tube that could amplify and switch voltage level. • 1945, ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator was the first vacuum tube computer designed by Eckert and Mauchly. • Programmable with punched cards and tape • Much faster than Mark I as there was no mechanical moving part. • Mark I takes 6 seconds for multiplications whereas it takes only 2.8 thousandth of a second. ENIAC filled a 20 by 40 foot room, weighed 30 tons, and used more than 18,000 vacuum tubes. Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  24. History 1st Generation: Vacuum Tubes To reprogram the ENIAC you had to rearrange the patch cords that you can observe on the left in the prior photo, and the settings of 3000 switches that you can observe on the right 174,000 watts of heat produced by 19000 vacuum tubes. Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  25. History 1st Generation: Vacuum Tubes1940s-1956 • 1951, The two guys of ENIAC teamed up with John Von Neumann to eliminate the obnoxious fact that reprogramming the computer required a physical modification of all the patch cords and switches. • It took days to change ENIAC's program.  • Neumann was first to give stored program computer architecture that is still in use in most modern computers with some modifications. Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  26. History 1st Generation: Vacuum Tubes1940s-1956 • Vacuum Tube technology was: • Much faster than mechanical computers • Expensive • Bulky • Power Hungry • Un-reliable • Punched cards, paper tape, magnetic drum memories. Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  27. History 2nd Generation: Transistors 1956-1963 • 1947, Transistors invented in Bell Labs. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in 2nd generation computers. • Transistors allowed 2nd generation computers to be: • Smaller in size. • Faster in speed. • Reliable • Energy efficient. • Computers moved to assembly language and high level languages e.g. FORTRAN and COBOL were used for instructions. • Magnetic core technology was used for memory. Instructions were stored in memory. Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  28. History 3rd Generation: Integrated circuits 1964- 1971 • Integrated circuit technology was developed that allowed integration of several transistors on a silicon chip. • It drastically increased the speed and efficiency of 3rd generation computers while reducing the size. The change was ‘revolutionary’. • The use of operating system allowed several applications running on same time. • The reduction in size and cost due to IC technology had made it accessible to mass users. Altair 1975 Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  29. History 4th Generation: VLSI1971 to present • Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), thousands of ICs on same chip made it possible to develop entire processor on single chip. • Intel 4004 processor chip, 1971 • CPU, memory to I/O control on same chip. • 4-bits • IBM introduced home computer, 1981 • Apple introduced the Macintosh, 1984 • Personal computers • Desktops, laptops, Netbooks, Pads and tablets Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  30. History • Up to 1970s • Computers up to 1970s were very large objects, called mainframes. Computers past present future • Difficult to maintain. • Expensive • Require specialized cooling infrastructure. • Only in Research labs • Multi to one relations Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  31. History Computers past present future • After 1971 • Intel’s 4004 (1971), mainframe built on to a chip. • Computing became cheaper, robust, portable. • Personal computers, Every one started having one’s own. • ‘Many to one’ relation changes to ‘One to One’ Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  32. History Computers past present future • Where it would lead to in future • Computing would be distributed in physical space. • Invisible but everywhere around us, Mark Weiser (1990) • In woodworks around us even in the clothing. • Embedded, wireless, invisible • Interfaces.? Gestural, voice Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  33. Future Invisible but everywhere around us • Computing away from mainframe and desktop computers. • In the smaller computing engines ubiquitously spread in physical space. • Microcontrollers…….Smaller computing engines Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  34. Future Invisible but everywhere around us • New areas computers getting in Paper 4, Touch sensitive printed surface with printed speakers http://mkv.itm.miun.se/projekt/paperfour/ Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  35. Motivation microprocessor System design? Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  36. Motivation microprocessor System design? • To be a system designer and analyst: • Knowledge of programming languages for efficient software design. • General knowledge of modern technologies. • Sensing • Computing • Communicating Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  37. Microprocessor system designET032G Labs & Lectures: Muhammad Amir Yousaf S- Building 241-F 060148748 http://apachepersonal.miun.se/~amiyou/ Email: amir.yousaf@miun.se Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  38. Course AIM • Aims: • The course aims to provide a basic understanding of how microcomputers are constructed and how they are used. A solid Foundation: In-depth knowledge of computer architecture. For design, debug and testing. Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  39. Course AIM • Student will learn to design an electronic system into a modern microprocessor and get the skills to program a modern microprocessor. • Microcomputer interaction with external devices • General knowledge of modern technologies. Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  40. Learning Objectives • After successful completion of the course students should  learn • Basic microcomputer architecture: how a micro-computer is built and functioning .how to design a simple electronic systems on a microcomputer  • Programming in C how to handle a development environment for a microcomputer how to write simpler program and functions in a microcomputer using C. be able to write and include inline assembler of short code fragments  • I/O handling, synchronization to read information from the outside world, process it and then influence its surrounding. to handle both analog and digital signals to / from micro-computer. use interrupt and polling to synchronize program execution to the outside world. link microcomputer with other devices through standard interface such as SPI, I2C, UART and USB. Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  41. Course Contents • The course is divided into three parts with the following content  • Basic microcomputer architecture  • Von Neumann architectures Assembly programming Overview of state-of-the-art architectures  • Programming in C  • Structured Programming in C  Inline assembler • I/O management Read/write data from/to outside world A/D - D/A converters Memory architectures Synchronization via interrupt and polling Interface to the SPI (e.g. memory cards), I2C, UART, USB communication Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  42. Introduction to Course: • Computer History • Course Plan, Aims and Goals • Course Contents. • Lecture 1: Von Neumann Architecture • Von Neumann Architecture • Harvard Architecture • Addressing Modes • Data Representation. • Lecture2: Microprocessor Programming • Problem definition • Program design goals • Program development • Embedded C Lecture plan Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  43. Lecture 3: Microprocessor Programming II • Embedded C • Pointers, Array, Structures • Memory Management • Lecture4: Architecture of X-mega micro-controller • Lecture5: IO Handling • Communication with external world • Communication models • Overview of serial and parallel protocols Lecture plan Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  44. Lecture6: IO Handling II • SPI • I2C • USART • Lecture 7: Inline Assembly • Why Assembly? • Basic Instructions. • Mixing Assembly and C • Lecture8: Memory • Registers • Memory Type • Memory configurations Lecture plan Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  45. Labs and Exercises • Microcontroller Educational Platform: • Atmel ATxmega128B1 microcontroller • 4x40 LCD module with backlight • Transfer data over the USB full/low speed device interface • Read a light sensor with the ADC • Read a temperature sensor with the ADC • Measure external voltage input with ADC • Measure potentiometer voltage with ADC • Read status of the 4 Atmel QTouch® buttons from AT42QT1040 QTouch device • 4 LEDs to show status information • Read/write data to the 64Mbit Atmel DataFlash • Program the kit via USB bootloader or an Atmel programmer • Expand the board with Xplained top modules Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  46. Labs and Exercises • Programming Environment: • AVR Studio 6 • Labs • Lab1: • Literature reading i.e. Datasheets and getting started tutorials • Getting started with AVR Studio 6 • AVR simulator to visualize the data flow within registers to get deeper idea of architecture • Digital IOs, LEDs and Switches • Lab2: • IO Handling Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  47. Labs and Exercises • Programming Environment: • AVR Studio 6 • Labs • Lab3: • Inline assembly • Interrupts • More robust applications Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  48. Examination and Grading System Examination form 3.0 credits, T106: Exam Grades: A, B, C, D, E, Fx and F. A-E are passed and Fx and F are failed. 3.0 credits, L106: Laboratory Grades: Pass (P) or Fail (F)  1.5 credits, I106: Assignment, Project Grades: Pass (P) or Fail (F)  • A written exam will be held 15th Jan 2014 Muhammad Amir Yousaf

  49. Muhammad Amir Yousaf

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