Ch 22: Energy and mineral resources

1. Ch 22: Energy and mineral resources Exam 4: May 3, regular class time Comprehensive Final: Monday, May 10th: 12:20-2:10PM Required ONLY if you missed an exam. Anyone can take it to replace lowest grade (won’t hurt you) HW #5 on Monday, due Friday next week • Resources • Energy • Environmental effects • Alternate Energy Sources • Mineral resources

2. Energy & Mineral resources 1) Resources • Modern civilization…. • Built completely upon materials extracted from Earth • Each of us “modern society folk” use enormous resources • No country is self-sufficient with its resource needs • Resource renewability • renewable: replenishable in months, years or decades • nonrenewable: may take millions of years to replenish

3. Energy & Mineral resources 1) Resources Recycling some nonrenewable resources are recyclable (Al) some are not (oil) some are “renewable” if used at a replenishable rate (H2O)

4. Growth of the world population

5. Energy & Mineral resources 2) Energy Coal Petroleum Natural gas • “fossil fuels” See Fig. 22.3

6. Energy & Mineral resources 2) Energy Fig. 22.4

7. Energy & Mineral resources 2) Energy Formation of coal 1. Partially decayed plant litter is compressed to peat 2. Shallow burial under sediments Fig. 22.8+9 3. Further burial 4. Metamorphosis 4.

8. Energy & Mineral resources 2) Energy Coal • major fuel for power plants • 70% of coal usage: electricity • many problems: pollution, health, wastelands • lots more available • formation: swamps

9. Energy & Mineral resources 2) Energy Burning of coal and associated air pollution

10. Energy & Mineral resources 2) Energy Petroleum & natural gas • typically found together • hydrocarbons • generated from plant/animal matter • formation: marine environment • must be “trapped” for preservation Oil traps • permeable host rock to store oil/gas • overlying impermeable rock to trap it “reservoir rock” “cap rock”

11. Energy & Mineral resources 2) Energy See Fig. 22.5

12. Energy & Mineral resources 3) Environmental effects Urban air polluition Transportation (46% of pollution sources) Carbon monoxide (49% of all primary pollutants) makes

13. Energy & Mineral resources 3) Environmental effects Urban air pollution Transportation (46% of pollution sources Carbon monoxide (49% of all primary pollutants) makes Global warming Greenhouse effect See Fig. 23.6

14. Energy & Mineral resources 3) Environmental effects Ice Core Measurements See Fig. 23.8

15. Energy & Mineral resources 3) Environmental effects Global temperature increase since 1860 ‘0’line is the average from 1961-1990 See Fig. 23.8

16. Energy & Mineral resources 4) Alternate energy resources Supplies 7% of U.S. needs Energy from nuclear fission Difficulty 1: accidents can happen... Difficulty 2: what to do w/ hazardous waste nuclear solar wind hydroelectric geothermal tidal

17. Energy & Mineral resources 4) Alternate energy resources Supplies 7% of U.S. needs Energy from nuclear fission Difficulty 1: accidents can happen... Difficulty 2: what to do w/ hazardous waste nuclear solar wind hydroelectric geothermal tidal

18. Energy & Mineral resources 4) Alternate energy resources Sun’s energy Different systems/types Effective where sunlight is common Expect more in future nuclear solar geothermal hydroelectric wind tidal

19. Energy & Mineral resources 4) Alternate energy resources Sun’s energy Different systems/types Effective where sunlight is common Expect more in future nuclear solar geothermal hydroelectric wind tidal

20. Energy & Mineral resources 4) Alternate energy resources

21. Energy & Mineral resources 4) Alternate energy resources Underground steam/hot water Hardly any environmental impact Limited life per field nuclear solar geothermal hydroelectric wind tidal

22. Energy & Mineral resources 4) Alternate energy resources Underground steam/hot water Hardly any environmental impact Limited life per field nuclear solar geothermal hydroelectric wind tidal

23. Energy & Mineral resources 4) Alternate energy resources Underground steam/hot water Hardly any environmental impact Limited life per field

24. Energy & Mineral resources 4) Alternate energy resources Falling water drives turbines 5% of U.S. electricity Mostly large dams Limited life span nuclear solar geothermal hydroelectric wind tidal

25. Energy & Mineral resources 4) Alternate energy resources Falling water drives turbines 5% of U.S. electricity Mostly large dams Limited life span Hydroelectric: nuclear solar geothermal hydroelectric wind tidal Clean! 1.3% of California’s power Noisy

26. Energy & Mineral resources 4) Alternate energy resources Largely untapped Uneconomical if tide < 25 feet Need enclosed bay tidal

27. Energy & Mineral resources 5) Mineral resources

28. Energy & Mineral resources 5) Mineral resources Sulfide ores Ore: mineral deposit that can be mined profitably 22.17

29. Energy & Mineral resources 5) Mineral resources Magmatic segregation: pegmatites Hydrothermal solutions: important ore deposits Intrusive rocks, a result of fractional crystallization of granitic magma Hot, metal-rich fluid migration as vein deposits or disseminated deposits Stewart Mines

30. Energy & Mineral resources 5) Mineral resources Magmatic segregation: pegmatites Hydrothermal solutions: important ore deposits Intrusive rocks, a result of fractional crystallization of granitic magma Hot, metal-rich fluid migration as vein deposits or disseminated deposits Quartz Veins in gneiss

31. Energy & Mineral resources 5) Mineral resources Magmatic segregation: pegmatites Hydrothermal solutions: important ore deposits Intrusive rocks, a result of fractional crystallization of granitic magma Hot, metal-rich fluid migration as vein deposits or disseminated deposits Fig. 22.16

32. Energy & Mineral resources 5) Mineral resources Magmatic segregation: pegmatites Hydrothermal solutions: important ore deposits Intrusive rocks, a result of fractional crystallization of granitic magma Hot, metal-rich fluid migration as vein deposits or disseminated deposits Fig. 22.19, Copper mine, Utah

33. Energy & Mineral resources 5) Mineral resources Ore deposits and plate tectonics Fig. 22.22+23

34. Energy & Mineral resources MCs Nodules rich in ______ are found on the deep sea floor away from plate boundaries. A. aluminum B. gold C. manganese D. potassium

35. Energy & Mineral resources MCs In what plate tectonic setting are copper porphyry deposits located? A. plate tectonic setting A B. plate tectonic setting B C. plate tectonic setting C D. plate tectonic setting D

36. Energy & Mineral resources MCs Large copper porphyry deposits are found in __________. A. region A B. region B C. region C D. region D

37. Energy & Mineral resources MCs Nodules rich in ______ are found on the deep sea floor away from plate boundaries. A. aluminum B. gold C. manganese D. potassium

38. Energy & Mineral resources MCs What type of ore deposits form where minerals precipitate from fluids along the walls of faults and joints? A. disseminated deposits B. placer deposits C. sedimentary deposits D. vein deposits

39. Energy & Mineral resources MCs Nuclear energy is derived by the __________ of 235U atoms. A. combustion B. dissolution C. fission D. fusion

40. Energy & Mineral resources MCs Which of the following correctly identifies X, Y, and Z? A. X = anthracite Y = bituminous coal Z = lignite B. X = lignite Y = anthracite Z = bituminous coal C. X = lignite Y = bituminous coal Z = anthracite D. X = bituminous coal Y = anthracite Z = lignite