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Planets and the Solar System: Chapter 27 Overview

Learn about the atmosphere of Mars, major differences between Terrestrial and Jovian planets, and the structure of Jupiter. Discover facts about Mercury, Venus, and why nuclear fusion is difficult to achieve outside of stars.

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Planets and the Solar System: Chapter 27 Overview

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  1. Earth Warm Up Ch. 27 • Does Mars have an atmosphere? If so…what is it made of? • What is a major difference between the Terrestrial planets and the Jovian planets? • Which planet has caps of frozen Carbon dioxide? • Explain the structure of Jupiter? • Name 4 of Jupiter’s moons?

  2. Warm Up Ch. 27 • What is Pluto and Mercury’s orbit inclination? • The force of gravitation between 2 objects depends on what? • Why does Mercury have no atmosphere? • Why is Venus so hot? • Why is it difficult to achieve nuclear fusion except in the center of stars?

  3. The Planets and The Solar System Chapter 27

  4. Overview of the solar system • Solar system includes • Sun • Nine planets and their satellites • Asteroids • Comets • Meteoroids

  5. The solar system

  6. A planet's orbit lies in an orbital plane • Similar to a flat sheet of paper • The orbital planes of the planets are inclined • Planes of seven planets lie within 3 degrees of the Sun's equator • Mercury's is inclined 7 degrees • Pluto's is inclined 17 degrees

  7. Two groups of planets occur in the solar system • Terrestrial (Earth-like) planets • Mercury through Mars • Small, dense, rocky • Low escape velocities

  8. Two groups of planets occur in the solar system • Jovian (Jupiter-like) planets • Jupiter through Neptune • Large, low density, gaseous • Massive • Thick atmospheres • Pluto not included in either group

  9. The planets drawn to scale

  10. Evolution of the planets • Nebular hypothesis • Our planets formed about 5 billion years ago • Solar system condensed from a gaseous nebula

  11. Evolution of the planets • Nebular hypothesis • Planets formed about 5 billion years ago • Solar system condensed from a gaseous nebula • As the planets formed, the materials that compose them separated

  12. Due to their surface gravities, Venus and Earth retained atmospheric gases • Due to frigid temperatures, the Jovian planets contain a high percentage of ices

  13. END OF LECTURE

  14. Mercury • Closest to the sun which makes its orbit the shortest • 1 Mercury year = 88 Earth days • 1 Mercury day = 58 Earth days • Has no atmosphere because it has weak gravity • Day temps = 400+ degrees C • Night temps = -200 degrees C • Its surface has craters and plains (due to previous volcanic flow)

  15. Photomosaic of Mercury

  16. Venus • Second to the Moon in brilliance • Similar to Earth in • Size, Density, and location • Shrouded in thick clouds • Impenetrable by visible light • Atmosphere is 97% carbon dioxide • Surface atmospheric pressure is 90 times that of Earth's

  17. Computer generated view of Venus

  18. Mars • Called the "Red Planet" • Atmosphere • 1% as dense as Earth's • Primarily carbon dioxide • Polar caps of water ice, covered by a thin layer of frozen carbon dioxide

  19. A picture of the Martian landscape from the Viking 1 lander

  20. Mars • Surface • Numerous large volcanoes – largest is Mons Olympus • Less-abundant impact craters • Tectonically dead • Several canyons • Some larger than Grand Canyon

  21. Mons Olympus, an inactive shield volcano on Mars

  22. The Valles Marineris canyon system on Mars

  23. Mars • Moons • Two moons • Phobos • Deimos • Captured asteroids

  24. c Scale Model -Earth, Venus, Mars, Mercury and [the little gray one] the moon

  25. Jupiter • Largest planet • 2.5 more massive than combined mass of the planets, satellites, and asteroids • If it had been ten times larger, it would have been a small star • Rapid rotation • Slightly less than 10 hours • Slightly bulged equatorial region

  26. END OF LECTURE

  27. Artist’s view of Jupiter with the Great Red Spot visible

  28. Infrared image of Jupiter

  29. Jupiter • Banded appearance • Multicolored • Bands are aligned parallel to Jupiter's equator • Generated by wind systems • Great Red Spot • In planet's southern hemisphere • Counterclockwise rotating cyclonic storm

  30. Jupiter • Structure • Surface thought to be a gigantic ocean of liquid hydrogen • Halfway into the interior, pressure causes liquid hydrogen to turn into liquid metallic hydrogen • Rocky and metallic material probably exists in a central core

  31. Jupiter • Moons • At least 67 moons • Four largest moons • Discovered by Galileo • Called Galilean satellites

  32. Callisto – outermost moon • Europa – smallest moon • Ganymede - largest Jovian satellite • Io - innermost Galilean moon and is also volcanically active

  33. A volcanic eruption on Io

  34. Saturn • Similar to Jupiter in its • Atmosphere • Composition • Internal structure • Rings • Most prominent feature • Discovered by Galileo in 1610 • Complex

  35. Saturn • Rings • Composed of small particles (moonlets) that orbit the planet • Most rings fall into one of two categories based on particle density • Thought to be debris ejected from moons • Origin is still being debated

  36. Saturn • Other features • Dynamic atmosphere • Large cyclonic storms similar to Jupiter's Great Red Spot • 67 named moons

  37. Titan – the largest Saturnian moon • Second largest moon (after Jupiter's Ganymede) in the solar system • Has a substantial atmosphere

  38. Uranus • Uranus and Neptune are nearly twins • Rotates "on its side" • Rings • 27 moons discovered so far • Large moons have varied terrains

  39. Neptune • Dynamic atmosphere • One of the windiest places in the solar system • Great Dark Spot • 13 satellites • Triton – largest Neptune moon • Orbit is opposite direction • Lowest surface temperature in the solar system (-391ºF)

  40. Scale model --[from left, back row] Jupiter, Saturn,[middle row]:Uranus, Neptune,and then the little ones in front row, from left:Earth, Venus, Mars, Mercury and the moon

  41. Pluto • Not visible with the unaided eye • Discovered in 1930 • Highly elongated orbit causes it to occasionally travel inside the orbit of Neptune, where it resided from 1979 thru February 1999 • Moon (Charon) discovered in 1978 • Could be a double planet • Average temperature is -210ºC

  42. Pluto and its moon Charon as compared to the size of Earth

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