Saturday school- Making of America

1. Saturday school- Making of America

2. Making of America: revision support booklet Key areas you need to know: Americas expansion: how and why America expanded from 1789 to 1838, expansion of southern cotton plantations and of slavery from 1793-1838 and the removal of indigenous (natives) from the East from 1830-38. The West:what was the culture of Plain Indians plus a cast study of the Lakota Sioux tribe, the journeys of early migrants west to California and Oregon as well as the Mormons journey West, the impact and of the California Gold Rush and consequences of Pikes Peak Gold Rush. Civil War and Reconstruction 1861-1877: how were the North and South divided over slavery and what caused the American civil war, who were the abolitionists, the African American experience of war and the consequences: Reconstruction- what was it and how was it a failure? Settlement and conflict on the Plains from 1861-1877: what caused American exploitation on the Plains during and after the civil war, development and impact of railroads and homesteaders on the Plains and the responses of Indians (investigate minimum of three wars- Little Crows, Red Cloud and the Great Sioux War) American Cultures 1877-1900: who were the Americans by 1900? What was the impact of reservations and destruction of buffalo on the Plain Indians? What was the life of African Americans like and what was the impact of growth in business, cities and mass migration?

3. Todays focus (Part 1 of 2 sessions on America) • Expansion of white settlement, exploitation of African Americans and expulsion of natives • Migration westward- Early Migrants, Plain Indians, Mormons and Gold Miners • Civil war and Reconstruction- causes, experiences and consequences of the civil war as well as the successes and failures of Reconstruction • Impact of Railroads on Natives from the 1860s onwards- how did it destroy native American culture and way of life?

4. Exam structure • 3 x 1 mark questions: knowledge quiz and no need to development • 9 mark Q: create a clear and organised summary. This is description based and you should aim to describe 4/5 features • 10 mark Q: this is an explain Q and you need 2/3 PEEEL’s (ensure you explain in depth and use specific evidence) • 18 mark Q: interpretation based- agree and disagree and reach a conclusion. The strongest answers will have 3 PEEEL’s and a conclusion.

5. Americas expansion: how and why America expanded from 1789 to 1838, expansion of southern cotton plantations and of slavery from 1793-1838 and the removal of indigenous (natives) from the East from 1830-38. - (Expansion) Britain lost war of Independence in 1793 and handed over 230 million acres of Indian land to the newly formed WHITE American government. They started to farm the land and formed lots of states in the East of America. The Indians were not happy but were defeated in the ‘Battle of Fallen Timbers’ in 1794 and were forced to move further west amongst other tribes, causing huge tension for them. Their lands were taken and they were exploited because they wanted to profit and settle the land for farming and growing cities. In 1803 things got worse for the Natives when the white American government bought the Louisiana Purchase on the Central Plains adding 530 million more acres to their land. A boundary was also set where slavery North were not allowed but South slavery was allowed. (Missouri Compromise) When Lewis and Clark explored it and created maps they encouraged people to migrate West to make a fortune from land and opportunity. Things were about to get worse for the Indians on the Plains for the next 100 years. - (Exploitation) However not everyone who moved west had a say in it. Slaves were forced west by traders to work the land. North and South states were divided as slaves were needed in the agricultural South to work on Plantations but the North was more industrial based and equal. Slaves had no freedom or votes. After 1788 it was decided slaves could not spread to any new lands Americans took from the Natives but those states that had it e.g. South were still allowed. Slave holders down South were very powerful. When the cotton gin was created slavery grew massively as it increased speed and quality so more money was to be made. Banks from Britain even lent money to plantation owners to invest in these gins- South became dependant on slavery but many people did oppose it. Wasn’t going to end until 1863 during the civil war. - (Expulsion) When the US government started taking over more and more land in the early 1800s after winning the war of independence and many natives were forced west or moved themselves. Some tribes tried to civilise themselves (5 civilised tribes e.g. Creeks, Seminoles, Cherokee) with the white Americans but when the population to the East grew and more land was needed for plantations they were forced as part of Andrew Jacksons 1830 ‘Indian Removal Act’ to move west to the Plains, promised this would remain there’s (another empty promise). Creeks fought back against their treatment but were ordered west when they killed new settlers. Either go or die became the motto. The Cherokee resisted this move which led to forced migration as part of the trail of tears. 18000 of them were forced over a 3-month journey with ¼ dying along the way. By 1838 Jackson had forcibly moved these tribes freeing up an extra 25 million acres for white American profit and exploitation.

6. Possible exam questions from key enquiry one Write a clear and organised summary that analyses the difficulties faced by early migrants on their journeys to Oregon and California in the 1840s and 1850s. Support your summary with examples. (9 marks) Write a clear and organised summary that analyses the expulsion of native tribes in the years 1789 and 1838. Support your summary with examples. (9 marks) Write a clear and organised summary that analyses the impact of the Indian Removal Act of 1830. Support your summary with examples. (9 marks) Why did the USA grow so rapidly between 1789 and 1838? Explain your answer (10 marks) Why did slavery in the Deep South grow so rapidly in the period 1789 and 1838? Explain your answer (10 marks) The rapid expansion of the USA in the years 1789-1838 led to the expansion of slavery. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. (18 marks)

7. The West: what was the culture of Plain Indians plus a cast study of the Lakota Sioux tribe, the journeys of early migrants west to California and Oregon as well as the Mormons journey West, the impact and of the California Gold Rush and consequences of Pikes Peak Gold Rush. Plain Indians: Nomadic. Followed the buffalo herds who provided them with everything they needed. Spanish traded horses with them making life easier for the tribes. Trade was important and they traded buffalo to white people for guns and alcohol. e.g. Lakota Sioux (our case study) moved entirely on to the Plains. They believed all living things had a spirit and the land was everyone’s and could not be owned. Men hunted and women prepared food and the home. Warrior culture was at the heart of the Lakota tribe and there was no single leader. They had different bands with different leaders which caused massive tension and difficulties when US government tried to make treaties with them. Early Migrants West: the economy in the east had a downturn- too many people and not enough work. Banks collapsed, and people lost their jobs so in the 1840s (before the Gold Rush) these early migrants took off and had nothing to lose on this 5-month journey through the Plains and to the West. By this time fur traders and mountain men had mapped routes- Oregon and California trails. It was a challenging 2,400-mile journey with migrants including Irish, Americans, Canadians, Germans. Often guided by mountain men and traders. They travelled in trains of 20 or more wagons roughly 18 miles per day. Accidents were frequent and diseases such as Cholera (drinking contaminated water) were common. Very mountainous (Rocky’s) and once they arrived they had the challenge of starting and building a new life. After a while with the amount of migrants travelling west natives started reacting negatively as the trails cut their hunting grounds (Lakota Sioux). Government signed treaties with smaller tribes living in Oregon and these tribes gave up HUGE areas of land to the government. Mormons: Religious group founded by Joseph Smithwho were faced with massive hostility and Smith was murdered in the East where they lived. To escape persecution, they all fled West and set up a town in Salt Lake City. Brigham Young became their new leader. They irrigated the land in Salt Lake City and made it habitable in such a desert area. However, by 1848 the government took the land around Salt Lake which was owned by the Mexicans when the Mormons first moved there. They built many successful towns and this worried those east who feared their growing power and influence. In 1857 however Mormons murdered white people who they believed to be spies. This gave the government its opportunity to come in, takeover and force them to follow US laws and make Young step down.

8. Gold Miners: 1. California: James Marshall and John Sutter stroke gold in 1848 with news soon spreading and thousands starting to make their way to California to seek their fortune. This ignited a frenzy and by 1849 wild stories circulated men were making $1,000 per day so the trails west soon became flooded with men trying to strike gold and make their fortune. This helped other industries grow also e.g. Levi Strauss Jeans. Other businesses that sold basic supplies- food, clothes and equipment were charging 5-10 times the amount they would east. This helped California grow and become a state in 1850. By 1852 however big mining businesses had taken over and all the surface gold was gone so many people found themselves working for big companies on small wages. The Natives however who tried to dig for gold were murdered by the forty-niners Mining methods also devastated the land of California, clogged up rivers with sand and gravel and chemicals used destroyed wildlife and killed fish and natives now struggled to survive more. 2. Pikes Peak: Colorado- 1858 gold was discovered in this new state and gold fever spread again as the east wasn’t doing so well economically. More than 100,000 made the journey as it was easier than crossing the Rockies in California. Rail travel made it easier in places. They started to settle on the plains (poor natives again) and Pikes Peak changed relations with the natives here as settlers wanted to settle on the Plains, as Colorado was on the Plains and not just pass by as before. Natives couldn’t hunt, went hungry and tensions grew while the government were adamant that natives needed to allow white people to take over. In your own words explain how the early migration west due to the four key areas above impacted Native Americans and why?

9. Q3. What was the impact of the Californian gold rush of 1848-1849? Support your answer with examples. (10 marks) One impact of the gold rush was that cholera was spread by the travellers. It spread especially along the river routes as the travellers moved, heading from the East to the West. This was especially serious in 1849 which fits perfectly with the gold rush. This disease had a serious effect on some of the mining communities that it reached. Another impact was the growth of the mining communities. In the areas where gold had been discovered, miners began to settle. Other miners settled in the same areas. These communities became large, violent towns. Other types of work grew, like shops and saloons, owned by people who wanted to make money out of the miners. The saloon culture led to alcoholism and violence, especially since the mining settlements had no real police. Also miners often fell out over areas that they had claimed to mine. The violence and disagreements led to miners creating local committees to judge cases. They judged crimes and also decided between miners if they disagreed over a claim. They would often use flogging as a punishment. However they had no real legal power and often the judgements could be unfair. For example, one Mexican woman was executed for killing a drunken miner who attacked her. This combination of violence with ineffective law and order created poor, dangerous living conditions. Another impact was a growth in immigration from other countries, especially China. This was where companies who wanted to make a real profit out of the gold brought in lots of workers. Chinese companies in San Francisco shipped thousands of workers from China under the Credit Ticket system. They worked for a set amount of time before returning home. Most lived in the large mining settlements, making them even larger. By 1852, about 25,000 had moved from China to America to mine.

10. Other possible exam questions from key enquiry two Write a clear and organised summary that analyses the cultures of the Plain Indians. Support your summary with examples. (9 marks) Write a clear and organised summary that analyses the reasons for Mormon migration in the 1840’s. Support your summary with examples. (9 marks) Create a clear and organised summary that analyses the difficulties faced by Early migrants on. Support your summary with examples. (9 marks) Why did the Mormons develop a settlement in Utah? Explain your answer (10 marks) Why did Mining affect Native tribes? Explain your answer (10 marks) The rapid westward migration was the main reason that relationships with the Plain tribes broke down from 1840-1860. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. (18 marks)

11. Civil War and Reconstruction 1861-1877: how were the North and South divided over slavery and what caused the American civil war, who were the abolitionists, the African American experience of war and the consequences: Reconstruction- what was it and how was it a failure? The causes of the American Civil War: America in the 1800s was a very divided country. The South was hot, agricultural and therefore they had a huge amount of slaves. The North was modern, highly populated but with a cooler climate and did not have many slaves, it was industrial based rather than agricultural- slavery was a key issue that divided the country. North fought south 1861-1865. In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected as president of the United States of America. It was well known that he was a northerner who was against slavery. 11 Southern States decided they would break away and begin their own country – the Confederate States of America. The Northern states, also known as the ‘Union’ decided that they simply could not allow this to happen and declared war on the South to unite America. Just about every family had someone in the war, and about 1 in 4 soldiers died. The Black Experience of the Civil War: Almost 200,000 African Americans serve in the Union Army and NavySegregated into all-black units, such as the Massachusetts 54th Regiment. Treated Badly by the white generals and other soldiers.Proved to be vital members of the Army, fighting in every major battle they could.President Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation that freed slaves in 1863 opened the door for blacks to become enlisted in the Union Army. Although they had wanted to participate in the war effort at earlier dates, they were prohibited by a federal law that dated back to 1792. Lincoln also feared that if their recruitment was authorized, the border states would switch sides from the Union because they had slaves. Although African Americans proved their loyalty to the Union Army and proved their abilities in battle discrimination occurred still in pay and other areas. Losses among African Americans were high, and from all reported casualties, approximately one-third of all African Americans enrolled in the military lost their lives during the Civil War. 9 mark Q: Create a clear and organised summary that analyses the Black experience during the civil war. Use example to support your answer. (use page 132-133 in your revision book)

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13. The Period of Reconstruction: After the Civil war there was a period called ‘Reconstruction’ which was a very mixed period for Black people in America with some real areas of progression but also limitations of progress: During Reconstruction, thousands of African Americans were elected to local and state governments throughout the Southern states..The Ku Klux Klan flourished in the Southern United States in the late 1860s after the US Civil War to stop black people gaining the new freedom in practice and get them off state government posts. They beat and lynched black people and were a constant threat to black people in the Southern states.African Americans were given education after slavery ended but usually in all- black schools and in the Southern States segregated from white children. Black schools often had poor facilities and were under funded.Laws passed to protect the rights of Black People after the Civil War (in reality they were very hard to enforce with KKK in the South and white southern governments making it almost impossible:13th Amendment: 1865- slavery was illegal.14th Amendment: 1868: Granted those born in US citizens regardless of skin colour. 15th Amendment: 1870: gained the vote. Black people were allowed to vote after the US civil war but many states found ways of denying them this right. For example, even if Black people could read or had money, racist registration practices were created to make their efforts to vote miserable. In the years following the Civil War, many Southern states and cities passed Black Codes. These laws laid out what freed blacks were and were not allowed to do.Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. Created after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued in force until 1965. They made racial segregation in all public facilities in southern States of America legal. Conditions for African Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded compared to those available to white Americans.  The Civil War and Reconstruction were a time of great progress for African Americans in the South. How far do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer? (pages 134-135 of your revision book)

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17. Other possible exam questions from key enquiry three Write a clear and organised summary that analyses how radical changes in favour of Black Americans during Reconstruction were reversed after 1870. Support your summary with examples. (9 marks) Write a clear and organised summary that analyses Johnsons Reconstruction from 1865-1866. Support your summary with examples. (9 marks) Why did the American civil war break out in 1861? Explain your answer (10 marks) Why did Lincolns election as President lead to the civil war in 1861? Explain your answer (10 marks) How did the South try to stop newly freed slaves from securing their new found freedoms after the civil war. Explain your answer. (10 marks) Political, economic and social divisions over many years was the main cause of the American civil war. Do you agree? Explain your answer. (18 marks)

18. Settlement and conflict on the Plains from 1861-1877: what caused American exploitation on the Plains during and after the civil war, development and impact of railroads and homesteaders on the Plains and the responses of Indians (investigate minimum of three wars- Little Crows, Red Cloud and the Great Sioux War) The Growth of the Railroads: Without efficient transport the settlement of the American West could not have happened. There were many attempts to organise the transport of goods and people, especially after the discovery of gold in California in 1848.However it was the development of the railroad that finally mastered the huge distances involved. The U.S. Government had a policy of manifest destiny. It wanted to dominate the whole continent. So President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act in 1862, authorising two companies to build a transcontinental railway. The Central Pacific was to build eastwards from Sacramento, California. The Union was to build westwards from Omaha, Nebraska. They would join up as Lincoln said “somewhere in the middle” Even with these grants getting money was always a problem and both companies needed extra, private investment. They hired thousands of Europeans, particularly Irish, and veterans of the Civil War, often Blacks at the rate of $1 per day. The Central Pacific hired many Chinese labourers. Working conditions were extreme, from baking deserts to the frozen Rocky Mountains. Getting wood for track sleepers on the great plains was a feat in itself and work was hampered by Indian attacks. Incredible feats of engineering were achieved to build bridges spanning rivers and gorges, without the benefit of modern machinery. The effects of the Railroads: The trains opened up the continent- people could travel from east to West in 4-10 days (compared to 6 months beforehand). The railways opened up the Great Plains to settlers- people began living in the middle of the USA – not just near the coasts. Whole herds of Buffalo were disturbed by the railroads. Some train passengers made a hobby of shooting buffalo from the trains. Essential supplies such as seed, machinery, food, timber, raw materials and manufactured goods could be moved. The railroad boom coincided with the USA’s industrial revolution. By 1890 the USA was one of the world’s wealthiest country. The Railroads meant new settlers who began pushing onto Native Land. The railway companies were considered by many to be greedy and only interested in profits. Cattle could be moved by train, cattle barons made fortunes and opened up the way for large cattle farms on the Great Plains. The railroads passed through Plains Indians land – some tribes had to move. Farmers could sell their produce all over the continent to markets that were previously unavailable to them. Towns not on or near the railway lines often became deserted and the businesses in them collapsed. The Native Americans hated the ‘Iron horse’- the pollution and noise it brought and the impact it had on their hunting grounds. The railway companies employed thousands of poor immigrant workers – such as Chinese labour. The conditions, pay and hours they suffered were horrendous.

19. Exemplar 18 mark answer: How far do you agree that the building of railroads across the Plains was the main reason for the destruction of the Plains Indians’ culture after 1877? Give reasons for your answer. To a certain degree, the railroads were important in destroying the Plains Indians’ culture after 1877. However, there were other more important reasons. P1- The trains played an important role. Two train lines were built from east and west and they met in 1869 to create one communication line to link the two sides of the country. This was a great threat to the Plains Indians because it cut through their territories. Buffalo herds were cut in two, either side of the train line. More importantly, buffalo hunters travelled the train lines, hunting huge numbers of buffalo to feed the train workers and the towns and to send east to where the industrial centres had a large leather industry. By 1875, the southern herds had been hunted to extinction. This was a very serious problem for keeping the Plains Indian culture alive because buffalo were so important. Even the bones and other parts were used by “bone pickers” so there was literally nothing left for the Plains Indians. This was a direct impact of the railroad. Also, the railroad led to a new creation of towns and settlements along the train lines. This made it easier to settle and take the colonists’ culture into the wilderness, whereas earlier they had travelled through but not settled. They didn’t need to trade with the Native Americans any more because the railroad brought supplies and materials. P2- However, although the railroad was important, there were more important factors. One was the development of cattle ranching. This involved taking areas of land which could be used to farm cattle, and it cut down on the areas that the buffalo and migratory Plains Indians could travel. Later on, by the 1880s, more cattle ranchers were using barbed wire fences to control areas instead of using the open range, and this further cut down on the available space for Plains culture. Another issue was the power of the US Army. Whenever the Plains Indians attempted to respond with violence to the threat of the colonists, the army was able to outfight them. Even though there were some successes for the Native Americans, like when Crazy Horse defeated Custer at the battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876, overall the years that followed 1877 were where the forts and numbers of the US army were too much for the Native Americans to compete militarily. P3- Another issue was the use of reservations. By the mid-1870s, the reservations were the main limitation on Native culture. The reservation lines and camps were deliberately designed to break up existing tribal structures and links. In the camps, native culture was systematically destroyed. Religious dances and rituals were banned. New police forces disrupted the tribal relationships. Children were sent to western schools where they were taught the US culture, not the tribal culture and instead of warriors providing for their families, they relied on government hand-outs. Conclusion- Overall, the railroad had a big impact because they opened up the plains to US settlement which threatened tribal culture, but it was the development of cattle ranching and also the use of reservations that played a larger role in destroying Plains Indian culture.

20. Without looking back on your work complete the following by writing key descriptions Impact of expansion on Indian tribes to the East in the late 1700s/early 1800s? Andrew Jacksons 1830 Indian Removal Act African American experience of war Why the Mormons migrated West in the 1840s? Radical Reconstruction- what was it? The impact of the Railroads on Natives from the 1860s? Plain Indian Culture and way of life Difficulties of early migrants west? Reconstruction- successes and failures? Causes of the American civil war? Impact of gold mining?

21. Exam corner- examples of 18 mark exam questions (choose one) “The growth of the cotton industry was the main driving force behind American expansion before the Civil War.” How far do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer. [18] ‘The existence of slavery in parts of the United States made the Civil War inevitable.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer. [18] How far do you agree that the development of ranches across the Plains was the main reason for the destruction of the Plains Indians’ culture after 1877? Give reasons for your answer. [18] “During the Civil War daily lives of African Americans carried on as much as before.” How far do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer. [18] “The Reconstruction years from 1865 to 1877 were a betrayal of African American hopes.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer. [18]