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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. The Nation Grows and Prospers. Section I. Industrial Revolution. Shift from Agriculture to Industry. At the time of the American Revolution, the U.S. relied on an agricultural economy

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 The Nation Grows and Prospers

  2. Section I Industrial Revolution

  3. Shift from Agriculture to Industry • At the time of the American Revolution, the U.S. relied on an agricultural economy • New technology and inventions would make Thomas Jefferson’s dream of a simple agricultural society disappear • The eventual rise of industry would change the course of American History forever

  4. The Industrial Revolution • The rise of factories that used machines to produce goods caused great changes in the United States • It affected: • How people lived • How people earned money • What kinds of goods could be bought

  5. The Revolution in Britain • Began in the mid-1700s • Development of new sources of power (water, steam, coal) • Power-driven tools replace manuals • Changes to textile (cloth) industry came first

  6. Textile Industry in Britain • New machines made thread or yarn and wove it into cloth • Prior, families would do this at home • Now factories sprung up and hired hundreds of workers to make textiles • Efficiency became key • Factory system (using machinery and workers together) produced large quantities of goods

  7. British Secrets • British marketed their goods throughout the world at low prices • This helped investors make lots of money • The British carefully safeguarded their inventions • British Parliament passed laws making it illegal for any machines, plans for machines or skilled workers to leave Britain

  8. Revolutionary Inventions • 1764: James Hargreaves & The Spinning Jenny

  9. Revolutionary Inventions • 1769: Richard Arkwright Took the spinning jenny one step further and modified it to be water-powered

  10. Revolutionary Inventions • 1786 • Edmund Cartwright develops a steam-powered loom for weaving cotton • 1793 • American inventor invents the cotton gin which can remove seeds from cotton… this machine did the work of 50 people. Who did this?

  11. Eli Whitney

  12. The First Factories • Depended on the energy generated by running water • Factories had to be built on or near rivers • 1796 • James Watt of Scotland improved steam engines and made their use practical

  13. Yet another REVOLUTION! • Oliver Evans of Delaware • In 1802, builds first high pressure steam engine for powering machinery • As a result of this engine… factories no longer had to be built near streams or rivers

  14. A Very Familiar Item • The pencil would not have been possible without the Industrial Revolution • It was created in 1827 by Joseph Dixon of Massachusetts • Today, 2 billion pencils come from one of Dixon’s pencil factories

  15. Industry in the United States • Did not make its way to the U.S. until the early 1800s • Before that time, the U.S. mainly produced raw materials such as cotton, lumber, iron and wheat

  16. American Revolution Days • Blacksmiths, weavers and carpenters used hand tools to complete work • Americans depended on British manufactured goods • British discouraged the development of Industrial technology

  17. Industrial Frontier Opens for U.S. • After independence, nothing stopped the U.S. from becoming industrial • Some states offered rewards to British people for bringing secrets and knowledge of British machinery to the U.S. • The rewards offered drew some clever and adventurous inventors

  18. Sharing the Secrets • As a 21-year-old apprentice, Slater worked in Arkwright’s textile mill in England • He memorized the design of the machinery and traveled to the U.S. in disguise… why?

  19. Sharing the Secrets • After arriving in New York, Slater offered his services to Moses Brown • Brown was a wealthy Quaker who owned an inefficient cotton mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island • Within a year, Slater re-created from memory Arkwright’s cotton mill • Thanks to the region’s rivers, the Northeast became the industrial center of the United States

  20. Slater’s MillBirthplace of the American Industrial Revolution

  21. New Methods of Working • 1798 • Eli Whitney has another idea! • He invents a machine that made it possible for workers to cut pieces of metal in exactly the same shape every time • This opens a new door to gun manufacturing

  22. Eli’s Interchangeable Parts • With such a device, each part of a gun could be made in large numbers – all exactly alike. • While some workers cut metal with patterns, others put the gun parts together. This dividing of jobs became known as division of labor • As a result, it also became easy to replace broken parts

  23. A Much Better Way to Produce • Interchangeable parts, division of labor and other new manufacturing methods made mass production of goods possible • Goods could be made in large quantities, in short time and at a low cost • Before long, factories were mass producing wagon wheels, stoves, axes and other tools

  24. The Lowell Landmark • 1813 • Francis Cabot Lowell builds the first U.S. textile mill using power looms in Waltham, Massachusetts • For the first time, the entire process of converting cotton into cloth took place in one building

  25. Industrial Working Conditions • Many people left family farms and shops to work in the new factories • For some it was new opportunity, for others it was another miserable situation • Women & children made up the largest part of the factory work force because they could be paid less than men

  26. Since the pay was low, some entire families had to work at a factory to keep food on the table

  27. Factory Working Conditions • Typical workday = 12 to 14 hours • Typical workweek = 6 days • Inside the factory: • Poor lighting • Poor ventilation • Unsafe

  28. Skilled Craftsmen Become Scarce • As hand tools and jobs were replaced by machines • Instead of making delicate crafty works, people were performing the same routine tasks over and over and took little pride in their completed product • In an effort to fix some problems, workers began to form labor unions

  29. Labor Unions • Sought to improve working conditions • Started by artisans, carpenters, shoemakers • Later unskilled workers and females joined unions

  30. Cities Begin to Grow • In 1810, 90% of Americans still lived on farms • New York City became the largest city in the United States • Population 1810 = 96,000 • Population 1830 = 161,000 • Population 2005 = 8,168,000

  31. Cities Begin to Grow • Cities offered: • More job opportunities • Better chance for education • Entertainment • Libraries • Theaters

  32. More People, More Problems • Even in colonial times, cities had problems with: • Clean water • Fire protection • Public health • Crime • Overcrowding Things only get worse!

  33. Hazards of Early American Cities • Dirt and gravel streets turned into mudholes • No sewers • People threw garbage in the streets • Disease spread EASILY!

  34. Section II Americans Move Westward

  35. The Move West Begins • Since the beginning of American history, the frontier continually moved westward • As the Atlantic coast crowded, people packed up and moved west “Some came in wagons and light carriages, overland; some on horseback; some in arks; some in skiffs; and some by steamboat, by New Orleans.”

  36. Worthless Farming Land • Another reason for migration west was because the soil in the east had been worn out due to overuse • Little was known about soil conservation

  37. The Commonwealth of Kentucky • June 1, 1792 • Capital: Frankfurt • The Bluegrass State • “United we stand, divided we fall.”

  38. The Great State of Tennessee • June 1, 1796 • Capital: Nashville • Volunteer State • “Agriculture and Commerce.”

  39. The Great State of Ohio • March 1, 1803 • Capital: Columbus • The Buckeye State • “With God, all things are possible.”

  40. État de Louisiane • April 30, 1812 • Capital: Baton Rouge • Bayou State • “Union, justice and confidence.”

  41. The Great State of Indiana • December 11, 1816 • Capital: Indianapolis • The Hoosier State • “The crossroads of America”

  42. The Great State of Mississippi • December 10, 1817 • Capital: Jackson • The Magnolia State • “Virtute et armis”

  43. The Great State of Illinois • December 3, 1818 • Capital: Springfield • Land of Lincoln • “State sovereignty, national union”

  44. The Great State of Alabama • December 14, 1819 • Capital: Montgomery • Heart of Dixie • Audemus jura nostra defendere *We dare defend our rights

  45. Land! • Why did so many leave the east coast and come from Europe to the frontier? • CHEAP LAND WITH GOOD SOIL! • People came from all sections of the country • Cotton planters • Cattle ranchers • Merchants • Shopkeepers

  46. Pathways to the West • Daniel Boone • 1775 – led group of 30 from Virginia across the Cumberland Gap (a natural pass through the Appalachian Mountains). • Boone’s party cleared a trail to central Kentucky • This became the main road to the west • By 1800, 20,000 settlers traveled this primitive trail which became known as Wilderness Road

  47. Transportation Systems Improve • Westward travel dramatically increased in the early 1800s • Americans needed a reliable transportation system • People also wanted cheap, speedy transportation for goods to market

  48. Primitive Roads • In New York and Pennsylvania • Companies constructed private roads called Turnpikes with the approval of state governments • These roads had spiked poles (pikes) that blocked the roads like gates • Travelers were charged a toll (charge for using the road) • Toll keepers would take the toll then open the pikes to allow travelers through • Within a short time, turnpikes connected several cities in the East and connected to rivers in the West

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