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Animal Digestion

Animal Digestion. Chapter #2. What are Nutrients ?. parts of food which provide for growth, maintenance, body functions Carbohydrates (CHO) Fats Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water. What is a Ruminant ?. Animals with more than one stomach Chew their cud (re-chew food)

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Animal Digestion

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  1. Animal Digestion Chapter #2

  2. What are Nutrients? • parts of food which provide for growth, maintenance, body functions • Carbohydrates (CHO) • Fats • Proteins • Vitamins • Minerals • Water

  3. What is a Ruminant? • Animals with more than one stomach • Chew their cud (re-chew food) • Cows, sheep, goats • Cows have four stomachs • Alf has eight stomachs

  4. Why don’t cattle need as much B vitamins? • Microorganisms in the stomach of the cow make their own B vitamins • Can also make some proteins if given the right kind of Nitrogen

  5. NonRuminants • Foragers: Horse, rabbit • NonForagers: pig, poultry

  6. How much to feed? • Depends on function of animal • Pregnant, Lactating, Working, Growing • How often to feed Depends on stomach size & rate of metabolism Stomach size is relavant to amount of feed fed Mink = 4-6 times/day, Cows = 1-2 /day

  7. What foods give energy? • Carbohydrates (starch & cellulose) & Fats • Fat = 2 1/2 times energy of CHO • Energy is major part of a feed ration • Up to 90% of a ration for a steer • Measured in Kilocalories or TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients)

  8. What are Proteins? • Used to build muscle, body tissue • Made of amino acids • Ruminants can make some proteins • Simple Stomachs need specific amino acids

  9. What are Minerals? • Natural elements which regulate certain body functions • Na, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, K, Mn, Mg, Zn, Mo, Se, I, Co • Most are trace minerals

  10. What are vitamins? • Compounds responsible for certain functions • Fat Soluable = A, D, E, K • Water Soluable = B, C

  11. What are additives? • Antibiotics: disease prevention • Coccidiostats: control parasites • Xanthophyll: makes egg yolks yellow • Hormones: increase growth • Tranquilizers: calm nerves (cattle, turkeys) • Antioxidants: prevent feed from getting rancid • Pellet Binders: keep in pellet form • Flavoring Agents: make taste better

  12. Livestock Feeding • Roughage = high fiber, low energy • Concentrate = low fiber, high energy

  13. How is a ration balanced? • Pearson square: balance a ration using any two ingredients for one nutrient • How much Soybean Meal (44% Protein) should be mixed with Barley (13% Protein) to get a mixture that is 16% protein?

  14. Pearson Square

  15. Pearson Square • Soybean Meal = 3 parts • Barley = 28 parts • Total Parts = 31 • Soybean Meal = 3/31 or 10% • Barley = 28/31 or 90% • If mixing a ton (2000#) SBM = 200#, Barley = 1800#

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