THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Health Science 1

2. The Respiratory System Objectives 30-1 Explain the functions of the respiratory system. 30-2 Explain the difference between internal and external respiration. 30-3 Describe how the larynx produces voice sounds. 30-4 List the structures contained within the lungs. 30-5 Describe the coverings of the lungs and chest cavity. 30-6 Describe the events that lead to the inspiration and expiration of air. 30-7 Explain how the brain controls breathing and how normal breathing patterns can be disrupted. 30-8 List and explain various respiratory volumes and tell how they are used to diagnose respiratory problems. 30-9 Describe how oxygen is transported from the lungs to body cells. 30-10 Describe how carbon dioxide is transported from body cells to the lungs. 30-11 Describe the signs, symptoms, causes, and treatments of various respiratory disorders and diseases.

3. The Respiratory System • The major function of the respiratory system is ventilation (breathing). • Deliver oxygen (O2) to the bloodstream and • Remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. • Make speech possible External Respiration O2 CO2 CO2 Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide O2 O2 CO2

4. Organs of the Respiratory System Organs of the respiratory system:  Nose  Pharynx  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchial tree  Lungs

5. The Nasal Cavity Nasal septum divides the cavity into right and left portions Mucous membrane warms and moistens the air and cilia helps eliminate particles The Paranasal Sinuses These are air-filled spaces within the skull bones Serve to reduce weight of the skull and give your voice a certain tone Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)

6. Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) • The Pharynx • An organ of both the respiratory and digestive system • The Larynx • Larynx also called the “voice box” • Moves air in and out of the trachea, and produces voice • Composed of three cartilages: • Thyroid cartilage • Epiglottic cartilage • Cricoid cartilage

7. Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Posterior Portion of Tongue False Vocal Cords True Vocal Cords Glottis Vocal Cords • Stretched between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage • Upper vocal cords are false cords and lower vocal cords are true vocal cords. • The glottis is the opening between the vocal cords • The more vocal cords are stretched, the higher the voice pitch.

8. Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Trachea Trachea The Trachea, Bronchi and Bronchioles • Referred to as the windpipe • Tubular organ made of rings of cartilage and smooth muscle • Lined with cells possessingcilia • Extends from the larynx to the bronchi. Cilia moves mucus up to the throat where it is swallowed. Smoking destroys cilia.

9. Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) The Lungs • Cone-shaped organs • Right lung has three lobes and the left lung has two lobes • The membranes surrounding the lungs is called the pleura The lungs contain connective tissue, the bronchial tree, nerves, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels.

10. Apply Your Knowledge Which of the following sites would be the most lethal if obstructed by a foreign body? • Right bronchus • Left bronchiole • Trachea

11. Apply Your Knowledge - Answer Which of the following sites would be the most lethal if obstructed by a foreign body? • Right bronchus • Left bronchiole • Trachea

12. Snoring • Occurs due to vibration of soft tissues when muscles of the palate, tongue and throat relax. • Affects approximately 50% of men and 25% of women over the age of 40. • Causes daytime sleepiness and may be associated with sleep apnea. Common Causes • enlargement of tonsils or adenoids • being overweight • alcohol consumption • nasal congestion • deviated nasal septum

13. Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Snoring(cont.) • Mayo Clinic’s Sleep Disorders Center rating of snoring: Heard from close proximity Heard from anywhere in the bedroom Heard from just outside the bedroom door with door open Heard outside the bedroom door with the door closed

14. Snoring(cont.) • Lifestyle Modifications to Reduce Snoring • Lose weight • Change sleeping position • Avoid using alcohol or medications that induce sleep • Use nasal strips to widen the nasal passages • Use dental devices to keep airways open Some patients may require surgery to remove excess soft tissue or a portion of the soft palate.

15. The Mechanisms of Breathing Inspiration Expiration • Air rich in O2 enters the lungs from the atmosphere • The diaphragm contracts or flattens • The intercostal muscles raise the ribs • Air rich in C0 2 exits the lungs • The diaphragm relaxes • The intercostal muscles lower the ribs Breathing or pulmonary ventilation, consist of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation). The medulla oblongata controls the rhythm and depth of breathing and the pons controls the rate of breathing.

16. Respiratory Volumes Tidal Volume Inspiratory Reserve Volume Expiratory Reserve Volume Reflects the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during a normal breath Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled following a normal inhalation Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled following a normal exhalation

17. Respiratory Volumes Residual Volume Total Lung Capacity Vital Capacity Represents the volume of air that always remains in the lungs even after a forceful exhalation. Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after the deepest inhalation possible. This measure reflects the total amount of air the lungs can hold.

18. The Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood • Most of the body’s oxygen binds to hemoglobin in the red blood cells. This transport system is called oxyhemoglobin. • When carbon dioxide gets into the bloodstream bicarbonate ions are formed and some carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin. • When bicarbonate ions reach the lungs, an enzyme changes them back into carbon dioxide and water.

19. Apply Your Knowledge The medical assistant working for a general practitioner is taking the medical history of a new patient. The patient states “Even after sleeping 8 to 9 hours I still feel really tired.” The patient’s spouse states, “Well you sure snore loud, as if the sleep is so good.” Which of the following is a possible cause for the excessive fatigue? • Periods of apnea • Depression • Tuberculosis

20. Apply Your Knowledge - Answer The medical assistant working for a general practitioner is taking the medical history of a new patient. The patient states “Even after sleeping 8-9 hours I still feel really tired.” The patient’s spouse states, “Well you sure snore loud, as if the sleep is so good.” Which of the following is a possible cause for the excessive fatigue? • Periods of apnea • Depression • Tuberculosis

21. Common Respiratory Conditions • Asthma is a condition in which the bronchial tree becomes obstructed due to inflammation • Causes includes allergens, cigarette smoke, pollutants, cold temperatures and exercise • Signs and symptoms include difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing, and a tight feeling in the chest • Treatment include avoidance of allergens, steroid inhalers, bronchodilators and stopping smoking

22. Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.) • Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi • May be caused by viruses, gastroesophageal reflux, exposure to cigarette smoke, pollutants and fumes. • Signs and symptoms includes chills, fever, difficulty breathing, coughing up yellow-gray or green mucus, chest tightness, wheezing and difficulty breathing • Treatment with rest, fluids, cough medicines, humidifiers, inhalers and antibiotics for smokers

23. Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)

24. Emphysema, GrossThe chest cavity is opened atautopsy to reveal numerouslarge bullae (air bubbles)apparent on the surface of thelungs in a patient dying with emphysema. Bullae are largedilated airspaces that bulge outfrom beneath the pleura.Emphysema is characterized bya loss of lung parenchyma bydestruction of alveoli so thatthere is permanent dilation ofairspaces.

25. Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)

26. Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)

27. Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)

28. Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)

29. Pneumothorax HEALTHY LUNG Pneumothorax

30. Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)

31. Pulmonary embolism (1)

32. Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)

33. Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.) • Sudden infant death syndrome has no specific signs or symptoms and no known causes. Risk Factors • More common in male infants • Babies between the ages of 2 weeks and 6 months are most susceptible • Premature or low birth weight babies are at risk • Babies with a sibling that died of SIDS • African American and Native American babies are at highest risk • Babies who were prenatally exposed to cocaine, heroine, or nicotine • Babies who sleep on their stomachs are three times more likely to die from SIDS

34. Apply Your Knowledge Which of the following diseases must all health care workers be screened for annually? • Pneumonia • Tuberculosis • Legionnaire’s disease

35. Apply Your Knowledge - Answer Which of the following diseases must all health care workers be screened for annually? • Pneumonia • Tuberculosis • Legionnaire’s disease

36. END OF PRESENTATION