Aggression and the Road to War in Europe

1. Chapter 24 1939-45 World War II

2. Chapter 24 Section 1 • Prelude to Global War

3. I. Explain how Fascist and Nazi aggression led to war in Europe. • Totalitarian 1) Government that controls every aspect of citizens lives 2) Italy, Germany, and Soviet Union • Fascism and Nazism 1) Fascism is a philosophy that puts nation ahead of the individual

4. I. Explain how Fascist and Nazi aggression led to war in Europe. • Fascism and Nazism 2) Mussolini controls Italy a) Used gangs of Fascist thugs to terrorize opponents b) appointed Prime Minister c) established a dictatorship

5. I. Explain how Fascist and Nazi aggression led to war in Europe. • Fascism and Nazism 3) Hitler rules Germany a) Like Mussolini, Hitler was enraged over WWI outcome and peace settlement b) National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi) c) Mein Kampf or “My Struggle” 1. strengthen nation’s military 2. expand borders 3. purify Aryan “race”

6. I. Explain how Fascist and Nazi aggression led to war in Europe. • Europe goes to war 1) German and Italy – later Japan – Axis Powers 2) German Empire Grows a) Rhineland success b) Annexed Austria c) Gained Sudetenland through appeasement – keeping the peace by giving in to an aggressor’s demands *d) Invasion of Poland triggered WWII e) Hitler signed treaty with Soviet Union

7. I. Explain how Fascist and Nazi aggression led to war in Europe. • Europe goes to war 3) Blitzkrieg and Sitzkrieg a) blitzkrieg – lightening war into Poland b) sitzkrieg – sit down war in Poland c) blitzkrieg – Denmark and Norway d) blitzkrieg – Belgium, Netherlands, and France e) By 1940, Hitler controlled Western Europe

8. I. Explain how Fascist and Nazi aggression led to war in Europe. • Europe goes to war 4) Allies – Great Britain led by Winston Churchill – later U.S. and Soviet Union 5) Battle of Britain a) France and Great Britain separated by 20 mile English Channel b) Luftwaffe – German air force c) 1,000 planes a day bombed Britain d) British withstood attack

9. II. List the reasons that made Japan eager to build an empire. • Japan is located on a chain of small islands • Lacked sufficient raw materials and markets • Needed land for a growing population • Seized Manchuria in Northern China • By 1940, Japan controlled Eastern China • Signed Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy • Neutrality pact with Soviet Union

10. III. Describe the American response to the war in Europe and explain how the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor pulled the U.S. into the war. • Japan’s action in Asia led to FDR building up the Navy in the Pacific and moving the American Pacific Fleet from California to Hawaii • America remain neutral 1) Enough problems at home • American Involvement Grows 1) 1st peace-time draft using Selective Service 2) FDR win 3rd term for President 3) Lend-lease Act American policy of providing war supplies to Britain on credit

11. III. Describe the American response to the war in Europe and explain how the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor pulled the U.S. into the war. • Japan attacks Pearl Harbor 1) FDR froze Japan’s financial assets in U.S. and cut off all trade with Japan 2) Gen. Hideki Tojo became Prime Minister 3) December 7, 1941 a) “a date that will live in infamy” b) from 7:00 – 9:45 A.M. the Japanese planes bombed and machine-gunned c) 2,400 U.S. killed 1,200 wounded 300 planes damaged *18 warships sunk 4) Three days later…Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S.

12. Chapter 24 Section 2 The Road to Victory in Europe

13. I. Identify the various groups of Americans who mobilized to fight the war. • Atlantic Charter – agreement between Churchill and FDR on goals for the war • G.I. war – government issue • Diversity 1) Navajos code talkers 2) Japanese Americans and African Americans troops fought in segregated units • Women in the Armed Forces 1) volunteered – not involved in combat 2) WASP, WAVES, and WAC

14. II. Understand how the Allied decision to begin fighting in North Africa and Italy affected war efforts in the Soviet Union. • While Germany blitzkrieg Europe – Gen. Erwin Rommel “Desert Fox” led Germany into North Africa • Battle of the Atlantic 1) German subs “wolf pack” attacked conveys 2) Allies used sonar technology • North Africa Campaign 1) Americans led by Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower 2) Italians and Germans surrendered

15. II. Understand how the Allied decision to begin fighting in North Africa and Italy affected war efforts in the Soviet Union. • Invasion of Italy 1) American Gen. George S. Patton 2) Within (2 Months) Mussolini was overthrown and a the new government surrendered 3) Germans in Italy resisted and continued to fight causing significant causalities

16. II. Understand how the Allied decision to begin fighting in North Africa and Italy affected war efforts in the Soviet Union. • War in the Soviet Union 1) Hitler turned his focus onto the Soviet Union and broke his pact with Stalin 2) German advance a) Soviets were unprepared for brutality b) Soviets adopted scorched earth policy c) Stalin asked FDR for aid d) When German army drove and threatened major cities, Stalin urged his allies to attack Western Europe to divide Hitler’s forces

17. II. Understand how the Allied decision to begin fighting in North Africa and Italy affected war efforts in the Soviet Union. • War in the Soviet Union 3) Battle of Stalingrad a) Soviets made a stand b) freezing conditions c) turning point of the war on the Eastern front • George Marshall 1) Army Chief of Staff 2) Called for an invasion of Western Europe

18. III. Show how the Allied invasion of Western Europe led to the end of the war in Europe. • Air War 1) Carpet bombing – large number of bombs scattered over a wide area 2) Soften Germany for Allied invasion • Preparation for invasion – Germany added machine guns, barbed wire, land mines • D-Day 1) June 6, 1944 – largest land by sea invasion 2) Allies crossed the English Channel to Normandy France 3) Omaha Beach – not a good location decision

19. III. Show how the Allied invasion of Western Europe led to the end of the war in Europe. • Battle of the Bulge 1) Point after which most Nazi leaders realized that the war was lost 2) Germans fought desperately to save their homeland • War Ends in Europe 1) Soviets advanced all the way to Berlin 2) Germany Surrenders – Hitler suicide??? a) V-E Day – Victory in Europe Day 3) Yalta Conference – allied meeting to plan for the postwar world

20. III. Show how the Allied invasion of Western Europe led to the end of the war in Europe. The Big Three – FDR, Churchill, and Stalin

21. Chapter 24 Section 3 The War in the Pacific

22. I. Summarize the Japanese advance in the Pacific in 1941-42 and describe Allied victories that turned the tide of the war. • Hours after Pearl Harbor, the Japanese attacked Clark Field, an American air base in the Philippine Islands. • Philippines Fall 1) Gen. Douglas MacArthur was forced to leave the Philippine - “I Shall Return” 2) Bataan Death March – Americans that did not leave became prisoners of war • War at Sea 1) Battle of Coral Sea – completely aircraft, prevented invasion of Australia

23. I. Summarize the Japanese advance in the Pacific in 1941-42 and describe Allied victories that turned the tide of the war. • Allied Victories turn the Tide 1) Battle of Midway a) entirely fought from air – Allied victory b) Japanese were loading bombs onto their planes on the carriers c) Japan was unable to launch any more offensives 2) Battle of Guadalcanal a) Jungle warfare on the Solomon Islands b) U.S. Marines

24. II. Describe the Allied struggle for the Pacific islands, including Iwo Jima and Okinawa. • Island Hopping in the Pacific 1) The island-hopping strategy allowed the Allies a position to bomb Japan. • Philippines Campaign 1) Gen. MacArthur –”People of the Philippines, I have Returned” 2) Battle of Leyte Gulf a) kamikazes – suicide planes b) Japanese Navy virtually destroyed

25. II. Describe the Allied struggle for the Pacific islands, including Iwo Jima and Okinawa. Iwo Jima and Okinawa 1) Battle of Iwo Jima a) Volcanic island 700 miles from Japan b) Americans bombed from the air c) Marines suffered 25,000 casualties after the land invasion d) 27 Medals of Honor

26. II. Describe the Allied struggle for the Pacific islands, including Iwo Jima and Okinawa. Iwo Jima and Okinawa 2) Battle of Okinawa a) Less than 350 miles from Japan – last obstacle to secure position to bomb from b) kamikazes – fight to the death c) banzai – attacks designed to kill as many while dying

27. III. Describe the Manhattan Project and its effect in bringing an end to the war. • Manhattan Project 1) Project to develop an atomic bomb 2) Began in 1939, Albert Einstein a Jewish physicist – refuge from Nazis 3) Enrico Fermi – accomplished chain reaction of uranium atom split 4) Tested in New Mexico • The Decision to Drop the Bomb 1) The heavy American casualties at Iwo Jima and Okinawa were a factor to use the bomb 2) President Harry S. Truman considered the bomb as a military weapon – no doubts

28. III. Describe the Manhattan Project and its effect in bringing an end to the war. Japan Surrenders 1) Aug. 6, 1945 – Hiroshima dropped “Little Boy” a) city in Southern Japan b) large military base c) Burns and radiation

29. III. Describe the Manhattan Project and its effect in bringing an end to the war. Japan Surrenders 2) Aug. 9, 1945 – Nagasaki dropped “Fat Man”

30. III. Describe the Manhattan Project and its effect in bringing an end to the war. Japan Surrenders 3) August 14, 1945 – Japan surrendered 4) September 2, 1945 – U.S.S. Missouri – formal surrender

31. Chapter 24 Section 4 The Holocaust

32. I. Explain how persecution of Jews and other minorities increased in Germany under the Nazis during the 1930s. • Holocaust – Nazi Germany’s attempt to murder all European Jews • Anti-Semitism – Hostility or discrimination toward: 1) Arabs, Ethiopians, Middle Eastern, North African, and Jew

33. I. Explain how persecution of Jews and other minorities increased in Germany under the Nazis during the 1930s. • Nazis take action 1) Nuremberg Laws a) Strip Jews of German citizenship 2) SS – elite guard that became the private army of Nazi 3) Gestapo – identify and pursue people who did not follow new laws of Nazi party 4) Concentration camps – place where prisoners of war and political prisoners were confined

34. I. Explain how persecution of Jews and other minorities increased in Germany under the Nazis during the 1930s. • Kristallnacht – “Night of the Broken Glass” • Refugees Seek an Escape – Jewish refugees

35. II. Describe how the Nazis carried out their plans for genocide. • Einsatzgruppen – mobile killing units 1) Wannsee Conference a) Final solution to the Jewish problem b) genocide – kill all Jews • Death Camps 1) Experimenting on Jews and Soviet prisoners 2) Poison gas 3) Death camps – solely for mass murder

36. II. Describe how the Nazis carried out their plans for genocide. • Fighting Back 1) A month-long revolt by Jews in Warsaw against deportation to Treblinka • Rescue and Liberation 1) War Refugee Board (WRB) a) created by FDR finally to try to help the Jews 2) Nuremberg Trials a) Individuals are responsible for their own actions