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US and Regional Markets for Tilapia. Carlos Pantoja, Ph.D. y Kevin Fitzsimmons, Ph.D. Universidad de Arizona Managua, NICARAGUA Augusto, 2003. Introduction. Review basic production guidelines (stocking rates, feeding rates, and protein requirements) Worldwide tilapia trade The US Market
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US and Regional Markets for Tilapia Carlos Pantoja, Ph.D. y Kevin Fitzsimmons, Ph.D.Universidad de Arizona Managua, NICARAGUA Augusto, 2003
Introduction • Review basic production guidelines (stocking rates, feeding rates, and protein requirements) • Worldwide tilapia trade • The US Market • Suppliers and consumers in the US • Opportunities to expand markets
Tilapia trade • Currently second in volume to carps • Prediction: Tilapia will become most important aquaculture crop in this century • Widest demand, no religious/cultural concerns, few environmental concerns • More genetic potential • Greatest variety of production systems
Intensive tank culture Tanks in Arizona Tanks in California
Intensive raceways Raceway Systems Extensive raceways
Basic production parameters • Fastest growth between 25 and 29 degrees • Growth slows with dissolved oxygen below 4 mg/l (4 ppm) • Growth slows with ammonia above 0.25 mg/l • In ponds, important to check dissolved oxygen level before first light in morning • In cages, even more important to check dissolved oxygen during night and early in morning
Basic feeding parameters • Crias need highest protein level 45 - 50% • First feeding fry 45 - 50 % • 0.02 - 2.0 g 35 - 40 % • 2.0 - 35 g 32 - 35 % • In hatchery with green water, protein can be lower • In hatchery with very clean water, protein level should be maintained
Basic feeding parameters • Growout needs lowest protein level 28 - 30% • 35 - 200g 31 - 33 % protein • 200g – harvest 28 – 30 % protein • In pond with green water, protein can be lower • In cages, even with green water, protein should be maintained close to 30%
Genetic improvements in tilapia (From: Mair, G., 2002)
Strain evaluations • For saline waters - Hybrid red strains are preferred • For cage and pond culture Chitralada strain of O. niloticus originally from Thailand and further developed in Brasil. • The GIFT strain of O. niloticus, originally developed in Philippines is most common in Philippines and China • YY Super males - Genetically Male Tilapia
Expected growth rates Total days Fish weight (g)
Expected growth rate Fish weight (g)
International ResearchISTA(next in Manila, Philippines, Sept 2004) • International Symposia on Tilapia in Aquaculture
Established market demand • Accepted in many national dishes • Popular in many forms (live, whole, fillets, fresh and frozen, smoked, sashimi, fried skins)
Major Tilapia Producers (for year 2002) • China - 706,000 metric tons / year • Philippines - 122,277 mt / year • Mexico - 110,000 mt / year • Thailand - 100,000 mt / year • Taiwan Province - 90,000 mt / year • Brasil - 75,000 mt / year • Indonesia - 50,000 mt / year
Global Tilapia Sales (farmgate) • For year 2000 • US $ 1,706,538,200(FAO Fisheries Circular No. 886)
Estimated cost of production • China - $0.70/kg • Philippines, Indonesia, Brasil - $0.80/kg • Thailand, Peru - $0.85/kg • Ecuador, Honduras, Costa Rica - $0.90/kg • Mexico - $1.00/kg • Taiwan Province - $1.05/kg • US - $2.00/kg • Canada - $2.10/kg
Mexico - 102,000 mt Tilapia-shrimp farm in Sonora Pond Tilapia farm in Tamaulipas
Markets in Mexico Raceway system, Tamaulipas • Strong domestic markets; on ice, fillets in grocery stores • All domestic consumption - Will eventually develop export markets.
Tilapia production & Markets in Brasil • Production in Southeast and Northeast • Red tilapia in Southeast for fee-fishing and food • Cage farms allowed in NE reservoirs. • Tilapia leather industry • Jump in interest with ISTA 5 in Rio. • Developing export markets.
Tilapia production in Ecuador 27,000 mt • Replacing shrimp because of white spot and other shrimp diseases • Using shrimp infrastructure • Exporting to US and EU • Benefits to shrimp culture with polyculture
Tilapia production in Ecuador and shrimp viral infections WhiteSpot Taura IHHN
Red strains of tilapia most popular for brackish polyculture systems
Tilapia production in outside ponds with shrimp in covered ponds
Costa Rica - 15,000 mt Acuacorporacion ponds in Cañas, Costa Rica
Nicaragua - 500 mt • Survey conducted and report by Neira y Engle • La mayoría de las fincas acuícolas son pequeñas, 0.01 ha, y son usadas principalmente para subsistencia. • Mercado domestico para tilapia cultivada podría reducir riesgo de mercado. • Nicaragua es un país con gran potencial para el desarrollo de la acuicultura. From: Neira y Engle, 2001
Metodos de entrevistas Entrevistas personales directas fueron conducidas en las regiones pobladas de Nicaragua en Agosto/Septiembre, 2000. From: Neira y Engle, 2001
Porcentaje de locales que venden tilapia From: Neira y Engle, 2001
Razones dadas, por las cuales no se vende tilapia From: Neira y Engle, 2001
Probabilidad de que se venda tilapia cultivada el siguiente año From: Neira y Engle, 2001
Formas preferidas de los productos From: Neira y Engle, 2001
Comparación de los volumenes actuales de venta de tilapia con respecto al año anterior From: Neira y Engle, 2001
Consistencia en la oferta de tilapia From: Neira y Engle, 2001
Problemas mencionados con la inconsistencia en la oferta de tilapia From: Neira y Engle, 2001
Tamaño promedio ponderado de tilapia al mayoreo From: Neira y Engle, 2001
Precio promedio ponderado de tilapia al mayoreo From: Neira y Engle, 2001
Tilapia compite con Entero eviscerado y Filete Guapote Pargo rojo Corvina From: Neira y Engle, 2001
CONCLUSIONES • La tilapia silvestre ha penetrado en el mercado. • Principales razones para no vender tilapia: sabor a tierra, falta de oferta, contaminación del lago de Managua, y desconocimiento del producto. • Actitudes positivas hacia la tilapia: tamaño y precio no son obstáculos para vender tilapia. From: Neira y Engle, 2001
...Conclusiones • Más de la mitad de los encuestados indicaron que era muy probable incluir tilapia cultivada. • El principal obstáculo: procedencia del producto (Lago de Managua), lo cual resultó en la mayor venta de filetes. From: Neira y Engle, 2001
...Recomendaciones • Para penetrar en los restaurantes, tilapia cultivada debe posicionarse como un producto de alta calidad de exportación y dirigirse al segmento de restaurantes no corrientes. • Dada la preferencia por filetes en los supermercados y mercados populares, el precio al mayoreo probablemente será bajo para que los cultivadores de tilapia puedan competir. From: Neira y Engle, 2001
USA 9,000 mt • Production in many states • Mostly intensive systems, many recirculating • Sales to ethnic markets as live fish, high value