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Personality

Personality. Personality is a distinct set of consistent behavioral traits Distinctiveness - Uniqueness of set of personality traits Consistency - Tendency to behave in the same way in a variety of situations

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Personality

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  1. Personality • Personality is a distinct set of consistent behavioral traits • Distinctiveness - Uniqueness of set of personality traits • Consistency - Tendency to behave in the same way in a variety of situations • A personality trait is a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of different situations

  2. Gordon Allport • Cardinal Traits • Dominant traits that characterize nearly all of a person’s behavior • Central Traits • Prominent dispositions found in everyone • Secondary Traits • Dispositions that occur in some situations but not others

  3. Cattell’s 16PF

  4. Big 5 Personality TraitsMcrae & Costa Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Extraversion Openness to Experience

  5. Approaches to Understanding Personality • Psychodynamic – behavior is the result of unconscious forces • Freud • Jung • Adler • Behavioral – behavior is the result of reinforced responses • Skinner • Bandura • Mischel • Humanistic – behavior is the result of striving for the ideal • Rogers • Maslow • Biological– behavior is the result of inborn genetic factors • Eysenck • Buss

  6. Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory

  7. Freudian Defense Mechanisms

  8. Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development

  9. Other Psychodynamic Theorists • Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology • Introversion/Extroversion • Personal and collective unconscious • Archetypes

  10. Figure 12.4 Jung’s vision of the collective unconscious

  11. Alfred Adler: Individual Psychology • Striving for superiority • Compensation • Inferiority complex/overcompensation • Birth order

  12. Evaluating Psychodynamic Perspectives • Pros • The unconscious • The role of internal conflict • The importance of early childhood experiences • Cons • Poor testability • Inadequate empirical base • Sexist views

  13. Behavioral Perspectives • Skinner’s views • Conditioning and response tendencies • Environmental determinism

  14. Fig. 12-5, p. 482

  15. Behavioral Perspectives • Bandura’s views • Social leaning theory • Cognitive processes and reciprocal determinism • Observational learning • Models • Self-efficacy

  16. Behavioral Perspectives • Mischel’s views • The person-situation controversy

  17. Evaluating Behavioral Perspectives • Pros • Based on rigorous research • Insights into effects of learning and environmental factors • Cons • Over-dependence on animal research • Fragmented view of personality • Dehumanizing views

  18. Humanistic Perspectives • Carl Rogers • Person Centered Theory • Self-concept • Conditional/unconditional positive regard • Incongruence and anxiety

  19. Fig. 12-9, p. 488

  20. Fig. 12-10, p. 488

  21. Humanistic Perspectives • Abraham Maslow • Self-actualization theory • Hierarchy of needs • The healthy personality

  22. Fig. 12-11, p. 489

  23. Fig. 12-12, p. 490

  24. Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives • Humanistic theories are credited with highlighting the importance of a person’s subjective view of reality. They are also applauded for focusing attention on the issue of what constitutes a healthy personality. • They are criticized for lacking a strong research base, poor testability, and what may be an overly optimistic view of human nature (Maslow had a hard time finding live people who had self-actualized).

  25. Biological Perspectives • Eysenk’s theory • 3 higher order traits • Extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism • Determined by genes • Twin studies • Novelty seeking and genetics • The evolutionary approach • Traits conducive to reproductive fitness

  26. Fig. 12-14, p. 493

  27. Evaluating Biological Perspectives • Pros • Convincing evidence for genetic influence • Cons • Conceptual problems with heritability estimates • Artificial carving apart of nature and nurture • No comprehensive biological theory

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