Eco Commerce Models Alternative Fuel and Vehicles

1. Eco Commerce Models Alternative Fuel and Vehicles Banu Sizirici Edward Voronko Vijay Kumar Rayabharapu

2. Contents Eco Commerce Alternative Fuel Vehicles • Hybrid • Hydrogen Fuel Cell • Electric Cars • Solar Powered cars • LPG vehicles • NGV Alternative Fuels Conclusions

3. Eco Commerce • Eco commerce is a business, investment, and technology-development model that employs market based solutions to balance the world’s energy needs and environmental integrity.

4. Eco Commerce Models ‘Alternative Fuels and Vehicles’ • the world’s transportation systems are 96% dependent on petroleum products. • alternative fuels are derived from resources other than petroleum. • produced domestically, • reduce our dependence on imported oil, • produce less pollution than gasoline or diesel. • utilize energy more efficiently

5. The impact of the gasoline cars in U.S 80% of carbon dioxide emissions, 50% of nitrogen oxides, 40% of volatile organic compounds (VOC). the impact on global air quality human health global climate change Impact on environment

6. Alternative Fuel Cars • Pure battery-electric vehicles • Hydrogen Fuel Cell electric vehicles • Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles • Motor vehicles powered by ethanol and bio-diesel

7. Pure battery-electric vehicles Advantages • No emission • 70% fewer moving parts than combustion engine cars. • Higher energy efficiency Disadvantages • Cost, Range ($60,000-$70,000) • Large amount of batteries

8. Hydrogen Fuel Cell electric vehicles • Advantages • Emissions are heat and water vapor. • Higher energy efficiency Disadvantages • Cost (Avg. $1,000,000) • High cost to produce Hydrogen • Hydrogen Containment • High cost of building new Hydrogen Fueling stations

9. Hydrogen Vehicles

10. Use both gasoline and electricity Smaller stack of batteries. Smaller electric motor than plug-in hybrid. Conventional hybrid electric vehicles

11. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles Advantages • 40% less greenhouse gas emissions than conventional cars. • Batteries can be charged from regular household electric outlets. • High energy efficiency Disadvantages • Batteries (Ni/MH batteries lasted 2,000-3,000 cycles meaning that a pack should last 130,000-150,000 miles in plug-in hybrids or electric vehicles ) • High cost. (Avg. $4,000 – $6,000 more than conventional )

12. Vehicle Emissions Comparison • Conventional hybrid cars reduce CO2 emissions by 29%. • Plug-in hybrid cars reduce CO2 emissions by 40%. • Electric cars reduce CO2 emissions by 46%.

13. Hybrid & Conventional Car Emissions

14. Toyota Prius • Series – parallel hybrid. • Allowing the gasoline engine to drive the wheels or to be disconnected. • Toyota Prius needs 2 gal. To go 100 miles. • Average car needs 5 gal. Of gasoline to go 100 mile. • Energy equivalent 1 gal. Of gasoline = 34 kWh .

15. Honda Insight • Parallel hybrid car . • Parallel hybrid do not allow electric – only propulsion • Requires 1.6 gal. To travel 100 miles.

16. Solar Powered Cars • A solar car is an ultra-efficient vehicle that is powered primarily by sunlight.

17. Some Types Of Solar Cars

18. Solar Powered Cars cont, Advantages • Inexhaustible fuel source Vehicles. • No pollution. • Very cheaper way of transportation. Disadvantages • Not Really Safe to drive on Roads. • Only areas of the world with lots of sunlight are suitable for solar powered vehicles.

19. 2007 Civic GX NGV The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recognized the natural-gas Civic GX as the cleanest internal-combustion vehicle on Earth Natural Gas Vehicles

20. Advantages • they reduce environmentally harmful emissions. • natural-gas vehicles can achieve up to a 93 % reduction in CO emissions, • 33 % reduction in oxides of nitrogen • 50 % reduction in reactive HC • costs are lower than gasoline.

21. Disadvantages • NGVs is not as roomy as gasoline cars. • limited driving range of NGVs, which is typically about half that of a gasoline-powered vehicle. • natural gas, like gasoline, is a fossil fuel and cannot be considered a renewable resource.

22. Ethanol vehicles designed to operate on E85 (a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) are called Flexible Fuel Vehicles (FFVs). FFVs are “flexible” because you can fill them up with E85, regular gasoline or a combination of the two. Ethanol Vehicles Ford Crown Victoria FFV Nissan Armada 2WD

23. Advantages • Hassle-free driving. • Easy to refuel. • Ethanol is renewable. • Ethanol cars are as good as gasoline vehicles. • E85 Vehicles Are Eco-Friendly.

24. Disadvantages • Fuel Efficiency-E85 reduces fuel economy by about 20 percent • Availability-It may be difficult to find a gas station that carries E85. • Limited Selection

25. LPG VEHICLES Volvo S/V40 Rover 45 Vauxhall Zafira  Volvo V70 

26. Advantages • A vehicle powered by LPG produces less harmful emissions - making it the cleaner, greener option. • Driving an LPG vehicle is safe, easy and, best of all, much cheaper than petrol or diesel. • Driving on LPG is virtually the same as driving a petrol or diesel car. And engine noise is around 50% lower with LPG than it is with diesel.

27. Disadvantages • Not very safe way of fuel in to Account • Less readily available than gasoline & diesel • Fewer miles on a tank of fuel

28. Alternative Fuels Biodiesel • Biodiesel is the name of a clean burning alternative fuel, • produced from domestic, renewable resources. • Biodiesel contains no petroleum, but can be blended with petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel

29. How is Biodiesel Made? • Biodiesel fuel is esterification process, • 55% of the biodiesel industry use any fat or oil feedstock,( recycled cooking grease) • 45% can use vegetable oil (soy oil)

30. Advantages Domestically produced from non-petroluem, renewable resources Can be used in most diesel engines, especially newer ones Less air pollutants (other than nitrogen oxides) and greenhouse gases Biodegradable Non-toxic Safer to handle Disadvantages currently more expensive involve additional land use gives out more nitrogen oxide emissions require special management for Transportation & storage less suitable for use in low temperatures impact on engine durability Biodiesel Compared to Petroleum Diesel

31. Electricity • Electricity can be used as a transportation fuel to power battery electric and fuel cell vehicles.

32. Advantages clean, cheap, safe and a convenient source of energy no tailpipe emissions lower maintenance costs more efficient Disadvantages more expensive than gasoline electric vehicles are not completely "emission-free More power plants and more pollution Advantages & Disadvantages of Electricity

33. Ethanol • Ethanol is an alcohol-based alternative fuel produced by fermenting and distilling starch crops that have been converted into simple sugars. • Feedstocks :corn, barley, and wheat. • If used trees and grasses is called bioethanol. • Ethanol increase octane and improve the emissions quality of gasoline. • E85, a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline • E10: 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline

34. Advantages Domestically produced, reducing use of imported petroleum Lower emissions of air pollutants More resistant to engine knock Added vehicle cost is very small Disadvantages Can only be used in flex-fuel vehicles Lower energy content, resulting in fewer miles per gallon Limited availability Currently expensive to produce Advantages & Disadvantages of E85

35. Natural Gas • Natural gas is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane but including significant quantities of ethane, butane, propane, • It is also clean burning and produces significantly fewer harmful emissions than reformulated gasoline or diesel

36. Advantages Nearly 87% of U.S. natural gas used is domestically produced 60-90% less smog-producing pollutants 30-40% less greenhouse gas emissions Less expensive than gasoline Disadvantages Limited vehicle availability Less readily available than gasoline & diesel Fewer miles on a tank of fuel Advantages & Disadvantages of Natural Gas

37. Propane (LPG) • Propane or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a clean-burning fossil fuel that can be used to power internal combustion engines

38. Advantages Fewer toxic and smog-forming air pollutants 85% of LPG used in U.S. comes from domestic sources Less expensive than gasoline Disadvantages No new passenger cars or trucks commercially available (vehicles can be retrofitted for LPG) Less readily available than gasoline & diesel Fewer miles on a tank of fuel The LPG is stored in high-pressure fuel tanks, so separate fuel systems are needed Advantages & Disadvantages of LPG

39. Hydrogen • Hydrogen Hydrogen (H2) is being aggressively explored as a fuel for passenger vehicles. • It can be used in fuel cells to power electric motors or burned in internal combustion engines

40. Advantages Produced Domestically no air pollutants or greenhouse gases Disadvantages currently expensive to produce only available at a handful of locations, mostly in California difficult to store enough hydrogen onboard Advantages & Disadvantagesof Hydrogen

41. Conclusions • Alternative fuel cars generate less pollution than conventional cars. • Based on cost the hydrogen and the electric cars are the most expensive cars. • Electric engine is more energy efficient than conventional combustion engine. • Production of electricity leads to more air pollution • The more environmental friendly is not always the more economical. • As a eco commerce model, solution should balance the world’s energy needs and environmental integrity.

42. Questions