Museum Entrance

1. Welcome to the hall of 1965-1980 Museum Entrance 1969-1971 1972-1975 1980 1965-1968 1976-1979 Curator’s Offices

2. Curator’s Office Doctor Professor Julian Knight I am the curator of the oh so wonderful and magical hall of 1965-1980. I am also a doctor/professor at University of Very Sick Clowns or UVSC for short. I graduated from UVSC in 2012 and now teach a class on the events of the cold war in the years 1965-1980. Place your picture here. Contact me at [7thperiodworldhistorygroup1@gmail.com] Return to Entry Note: Virtual museums were first introduced by educators at Keith Valley Middle School in Horsham, Pennsylvania. This template was designed by Dr. Christy Keeler. View the Educational Virtual Museums website for more information on this instructional technique.

3. 1965-1968 Room 1 Return to Entry

4. 1969-1971 Room 2 Return to Entry

5. 1972-1975 Room 3 Return to Entry

6. 1976-1979 Room 4 \ Return to Entry

7. 1980 Room 5 Return to Entry

8. How did they build it? In 1965 a new construction type was put into place, this was called the third, it consisted of concrete slabs laid between H-shaped steel concrete supports. A round, 0,40 meter large concrete tube capped the wall making it more difficult to climb over. http://www.coldwar.org/articles/60s/index.asp http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall Return to Exhibit

9. The Czechoslovakian Uprising In 1968, with their political, economic and social problems reaching critical mass, the communist party of Czechoslovakia replaced Novotny as Party Leader with Alexander Dubcek. Dubcek pushed practical reforms across the board, not only for Czechoslovakia but for the Warsaw Pact (the Soviet answer to NATO) as well. http://www.coldwar.org/articles/60s/CzechoslovakiaUprising.asp https://sites.google.com/a/ncps-k12.org/goldhawk-coldwar/home/1960s/prague/dubcek Return to Exhibit

10. The six day war In 1967, tensions between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, and Syria escalated to a war in the Middle East. Ever since it had become a country in 1948, Israel’s Palestinian neighbors were hostile because Israel was located in the area that they had previously established as their homeland. Palestinian troops were seen attacking Israeli civilians as well as their farmland and then escaping back to their borders. Israel responded with counter-attacks such as the Syrian fighter planes shot down in April 1967 in retaliation to them shelling Israeli villages. Supplying these Middle Eastern countries with weapons, the United States allied with Israel while the Soviet Union sided with the Arab Nations. This long term rival over land control would soon turn revenge into war. Mitchell G. Bard, The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Middle East Conflict. 3rd Edition. NY: Alpha Books, 2005. 2. “Six Day War.” Zionism & Israel Encyclopedic Dictionary. 4 Jun 2008 . http://www.glogster.com/sbrady0818/six-day-war/g-6mfgd850eiea59uqsl7bna0 Return to Exhibit

11. Siege of the Khe Sanh In the early hours of January 21, 1968 the siege of Khe Sanh, the longest single battle of the Vietnam War, began as North Vietnamese Army forces embodied the building tension with a bombardment of bullets, mortars, and missiles that would kill eighteen Marines instantly, injure forty more, and destroy the majority of ammunition and fuel supplies within the first two days of the encounter. President Lyndon Johnson and United States officials had previously and controversially decided to defend rather than abandon the highly isolated outpost, but continuous attacks and the Tet Offensive from January 30 to January 31, 1968 strained the attempt at defense. Within two months over thirteen-hundred rounds of artillery had been fired upon the desperate Marine base and its surrounding outposts or “hills,” and bunkers were rebuilt to withstand an additional twenty-two millimeter of rounds more than the standard sixty-millimeter guarantee. Brush, Peter. “Recounting the Casualties at Khe Sanh.” 2006. 20 May 2008 . http://www.erichammelbooks.com/books/b_khe-sanh.php Return to Exhibit

12. The space race USSR lead in space exploration with the first person in space, cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin who orbited earth in Vostok 1, April 12, 1961. Less than a month later Allan Shepard became the first American in space. That same month, President Kennedy created the Apollo program designed to land a person on the moon “before the decade is out.” on june 20 1969 the first American walked on the moon thus ending the space race http://www.coldwar.org/articles/60s/space_race.asp http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program Return to Exhibit

13. SALT 1 and 2 During the Cold War, a series of treaties was issued under the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty to stop the build up of nuclear weapons. The negotiations lasted until January of 1972, and by May 26 of that same year the treaty was finalized. The two treaties signed that day were the Anti-Ballistic Missile treaty, or ABM, and the Interim Agreement on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. "Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia." Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia. 2010. Web. 28 May 2010. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/568184/Strategic-Arms-Limitation-Talks>. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks Return to Exhibit

14. The Tet offensive On January 21, 1969, the North Vietnamese coordinated with the Viet Cong to plan a surprise attack on the South Vietnamese and the U.S. troops. This was the first of two major surprise attacks. On January 21, the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong bombed a few important American bases in South Vietnam. This was a total shock to America and was a major blow to its confidence. The North Vietnamese destroyed much of the American artillery and supplies. Woods, Alan. “The Tet Offensive: the turning point in the Vietnam War — Part One.” The Defense of Maxism. 01 January 2008. 21 May 2008 . http://olive-drab.com/od_history_vietnam_tet.php Return to Exhibit

15. Woodstock Throughout the 1960s, music served as an integral part of the counterculture movement. Seen as a way to both embrace an alternative lifestyle and protest against war and oppression, hippies organized outdoor music festivals across the United States. The most famous of all the counterculture concerts, Woodstock, took place from August 15-17, 1969. Originally hoping for attendance of 50,000, the promoters of the event, who chose a thousand-acre farm in upstate New York as the site for “The Woodstock Music and Art Fair: An Aquarian Exposition,” seemed as shocked as everyone else when over 500,000 arrived for the three-day affair. Morgan, Edward P. The Sixties Experience: Hard Lessons about Modern America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991 http://www.woodstockproject.com/ Return to Exhibit

16. Operation babylift By early spring of 1975, the Vietcong had begun to execute a brilliant military campaign design to bring their southern foes to their knees. They captured South Vietnam’s second largest city Da Nang on March 30, 1975 and by mid-April the capital Saigon was under attack from all three sides. The impending doom of the country was quite clear and waves of citizens were desperately fleeing the country. On April 3 President Gerald Ford announced in a mission deemed Operation Babylift, the U.S. military would fly 70,000 orphans out of Vietnam. Thirty flights were planned to execute this operation. Service organizations such as Holt International Adoption Agency, Friends of Children of Viet Nam (FCVN), Friends For All Children (FFAC), Catholic Relief Service, International Social Services, International Orphans, and the Pearl S. Buck Foundation helped in coordinating these flights and provided chaperons were the children. Martin, Allison. “Stories and Articles about Operation Babylift.” Operation Babylift. Adopt Vietnam. 4 Jun 2008, http://www.adoptvietnam.org/adoption/babylift-index.htm> http://photosofwar.net/operation-babylift-mass-evacuation-of-orphans-from-south-vietnam-1975/ Return to Exhibit

17. Coup d'état in Chile Chile was known for its stability in Latin America compared to its neighbors until the 1960s. By then the Cold War began to affect the mountainous nation, and Chile became a part of the Alliance for Progress. The alliance was meant as a way to keep socialistic revolutions from taking hold in Latin America. In 1970, the Socialist Party won the presidency with Salvador Allende Gossens. Allende had promised a republic to the people of Chile and said he would provide reforms that would make the working class more equal. By 1973, the Chilean Congress and Judiciary stood against Allende. They claimed that his government went against the Chilean constitution. The military then stormed his palace and Allende died while armed. Although the U.S. appeared to have no involvement in the coup, many historians and analysts have claimed that Kissinger played a part in the death of Gen. Rene Schneider, since the general was against a military overthrow of Allende. “Henry Kissinger, US Involved in 1970 Chilean Plot.” Global Policy Forum. September 9, 2001. Global Policy Forum. 3 Jun 2008 , http://www.globalpolicy.org/intljustice/general/2001/0909cbskiss.htm>. http://photosofwar.net/chilean-government-palace-being-attacked-by-pinochets-coup-detat-11th-september-1973/ Return to Exhibit

18. The fall of Saigon The physical and mental weakness of the South Vietnamese troops proved to be a deadly combination that the North took full advantage of. On March 18th Kontum and Pleiku fell. Then on March 24th Hue city fell in one day. March 29th communists entered the Da Nang region. Qui Nhon fell on March 31st and then on April 3rd Nha Trang fell in 3 hours and that same day Cam Ranh Bay fell in 30 minutes. The rapidness of the conquer surprised even the North Vietnamese who developed the motto “Lightning speed, daring, and more daring” and made their new goal to take over the entire south by May 19th, a goal they reached with 20 days to spare. On April 30, 1975, a North Vietnamese tank broke through the walls of the South’s presidential palace. The troops cornered South Vietnam’s last president Duong Van Minh and when he told his captives that he wanted to surrender, they informed him that he no longer had anything left to surrender. Hickman, Kennedy. “Vietnam War: End of Conflict.” Military History. About.com. 8 May 2008, http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/vietnamwar/a/vietnamEnd.htm>. http://carryingthegun.com/2012/04/28/someday-this-wars-going-to-end/ Return to Exhibit

19. The Khmer Rouge In 1975 the Khmer Rouge won the civil war and gained power in Cambodia. The organization was headed by a man name Pol Pot. Pol Pot was educated in France and deeply admired Chinese communism. He and his party believed that all intellectuals and anything that could threaten communism needed to be abolished. The first part of the Cambodian genocide began with the Exodus. Everyone was forced to leave the cities, including the sick, elderly, and children. People who were too slow or refused to leave were killed on the spot. Pol Pot’s plan was to make Cambodia into an organization of farms, with the citizens as the laborers. The country’s name was changed to Kampuchea and all civil rights and liberties were immediately taken away. "Pol Pot in Cambodia 1975-1979 2,000,000 deaths." The History Place-Genocide in the 20th century. The History Place™, 1999. Web. 14 May 2010. <http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/pol-pot.htm>. http://www.thenervousbreakdown.com/drhaney/2013/02/nowhere_men/captive-of-the-khmer-rouge/ Return to Exhibit

20. Somalia, Ethiopia, and Ogden war In a blink of an eye, everything can change. It happened when Mengistu Haile Mariam was appointed to chairman of the military and head of state of Ethiopia on February 11, 1977. Throughout the rest of Mariam’s first year of reign, Ethiopia tried to suppress its opponents and enemies. Maxamed Siyaad Barre, president of Somalia, realized that Ethiopia was having major opposition against its own military and government, causing a lot of confusion and warfare. Barre used this opportunity to attack Ethiopia. His army consisted of 50,000 soldiers (15,000 from the Western Somalia Liberation Front, and 35,000 regular Somalians). These soldiers started to go into the Ogaden, the eastern territory of Ethiopia, in May through June of 1977. They weeded their way into Ethiopian day-to-day life, having a huge effect on what they did. In July of 1977, treacherous warfare broke out. Barre had over twice as many fighting men and women as Mariam. The resulted was obvious: after two long months of fighting, Barre controlled ninety percent of the Ogaden. "Eastern Africa, history of." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online School Edition. 2 June 2008, http://school.eb.com/eb/article-37519>. http://www.historycentral.com/Africa/SomEthiWar.html Return to Exhibit

21. Iran hostage crisis On November 4, 1979, five hundred Muslim students seized the United States Embassy in Iran. Of these ninety people in the embassy, sixty-six hostages were taken. Out of the original sixty-six hostages, fourteen were released early, and fifty-two were kept. “Iran hostage crisis.” American Government. 2008. ABC-CLIO. 29 Apr. 2008 http://www.historyguy.com/iran-us_hostage_crisis.html#.U1YH7PldV8E Return to Exhibit

22. Afghan war In the history of Afghanistan, the internal conflict between anti-Communist Muslim guerrillas and the Afghan communist government (aided from 1979 to 1989 by Soviet troops). The roots of the war lay in the overthrow of the centrist Afghanistan government in April 1978 by left-wing military officers, who then handed power over to two Marxist-Leninist political parties, the Khalq (“Masses”) and Parcham (“Flag”), who together had formed the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan. Having little popular support, the new government forged close ties with the Soviet Union, launched ruthless purges of all domestic opposition, and began extensive land and social reforms that were bitterly resented by the devoutly Muslim and largely anti-Communist population. http://www.coldwar.org/articles/70s/afghan_war.asp http://airwar.xairforces.net/cold_war_1980-1984.asp?haber_id=134 Return to Exhibit

23. The Neutron Bomb The neutron bomb, or "enhanced radiation warhead" as it is called in scientific circles, is basically a hydrogen bomb without the uranium-238 jacket which would absorb neutrons to increase the blast. By eliminating that jacket the full fusion emission of neutrons is released. A one-kiloton neutron bomb will spread a lethal dose of neutron radiation to exposed people over a one-mile radius. http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa015.html http://www.chinesedefence.com/forums/chinese-strategic-forces/419-chinas-nuclear-strike-force-7.html Return to Exhibit

24. 1980 Olympic games The 1980 Olympic Games were most notable for the largest boycott of an Olympics in history. Following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979, the United States and 61 other countries decided to boycott the Olympics (France, Italy, and Sweden did not join the boycott).The British Government boycotted the games, however, the athletes went against the wishes of the then ‘Thatcher’ government and went in their own right without government blessing. http://www.coldwar.org/articles/80s/olympic_games.asp http://www.currybet.net/cbet_blog/2008/08/a-brief-history-of-olympic-dis-8.php Return to Exhibit

25. Ronald Regan Ronald Wilson Reagan was elected the 40th president of the United States on Nov. 4, 1980, and was inaugurated on Jan. 20, 1981. At the age of 69, he was the oldest man and the first movie actor ever sworn into that office. During his two terms in office the popular president helped raise the nation’s spirits. He also oversaw the creation of large budget and trade deficits and ultimately effected a historic truce in the cold war with the Soviet Union. http://www.coldwar.org/articles/80s/ronald_reagan.asp http://www.salon.com/2014/01/11/the_racism_at_the_heart_of_the_reagan_presidency/ Return to Exhibit

26. Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter served as President from January 20, 1977 to January 20, 1981. Noteworthy foreign policy accomplishments of his administration, including the Panama Canal treaties, the Camp David Accords, the treaty of peace between Egypt and Israel, the SALT II treaty with the Soviet Union, and the establishment of U.S. diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China. He championed human rights throughout the world. http://www.coldwar.org/articles/70s/jimmy_carter.asp http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter Return to Exhibit