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Punctuation

Punctuation. Commas. RULE 1 : Use a comma to separate items in a series: She traveled to London, Paris, Rome and Madrid. I studied for the test in homeroom, on the bus, and at home. ***Don’t use a comma before the first item or after the last item in a series!***

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Punctuation

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  1. Punctuation

  2. Commas • RULE 1: Use a comma to separate items in a series: • She traveled to London, Paris, Rome and Madrid. • I studied for the test in homeroom, on the bus, and at home. • ***Don’t use a comma before the first item or after the last item in a series!*** • When and, or, or nor joins the last two items, the comma may be optional. • If all items in a series have a conjunction connecting them, do not use commas: • She traveled to London and Paris and Rome and Madrid.

  3. Commas • RULE 2: Use a comma to separate two or more adjectives preceding a noun: • Katherine is a creative, talented dancer. • Did you see that boring, silly, worthless movie Macgruber? • Do not use a comma before the final adjective if the adjective is considered part of the noun: • We strung colorful Chinese lanterns around the yard. • Do not separate modifiers of adjectives: • He wore a bright red hat.

  4. Commas • RULE 3: Use a comma before a conjunction (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet) when it connects independent clauses. • The sky looks clear yet rain is in the forecast. • I ordered the salad and Bob ordered a burger. • Dave wanted to watch the Super Bowl and the Pro Bowl. • Ashley and I looked everywhere for sheet music but couldn’t find it. • Ashley and I looked everywhere for sheet music but we couldn’t find it.

  5. RULE 4: Use commas to separate any nonessential information from the rest of the sentence. • Emilia Oritz, who lives across the street from me, won a scholarship to Harvard University. • The capital of Massachusetts is Boston, which is sometimes called the Athens of America. • Born in Detroit, Robert Hayden was educated at the University of Michigan and became a distinguished professor.

  6. The sophomores who made the honor roll were listed in the newspaper. • Library books that have been lost must be replaced. • Marla’s sister who is in college sent her a sweatshirt. • Two poems by Homer are in our literature books.

  7. RULE 5 – Use a comma to set off introductory elements. • Mild exclamations: Sure, I’ll go with you! • Participles: Shivering, Kate walked in the room. • Prep. Phrases: During the long ride home, we slept. • If clauses: If you want to go to the party, you have to clean your room. • Adverb clause: When you go to school, you should go awake and ready to learn.

  8. Semicolons! • 1. Use a semicolon between independent clauses that are similar but NOT joined by a conjunction. • I like pizza. The ones with pepperoni are my favorite. • I like pizza, and the ones with pepperoni are my favorite. • I like pizza; the ones with pepperoni are my favorite!

  9. 2. Use a semicolon to join independent clauses already joined by a conjunctive adverb or transitional expression (page 724). • The speech was long; consequently, many fell asleep. • Students love school;however, they are ready to graduate.

  10. 3. Use a semicolon to join items in a series that contain commas: • She went to Paris, France, Barcelona, Spain, Rome, Italy, and London, England. • She went to Paris, France; Barcelona, Spain; Rome, Italy; and London, England.

  11. 4. Use a semicolon to join independent clauses that contain commas: • He wrote the books Night, Dawn, and Day, but Elie Wiesel, the Holocaust survivor, is best known for winning the Nobel Peace Prize. • He wrote the books Night, Dawn, and Day; but Elie Wiesel, the Holocaust survivor, is best known for winning the Nobel Peace Prize.

  12. Complete 1-5 on Exercise 1 (page 725) and 6-10 on Exercise 2 (pages 726-727)

  13. COLONS • Use a colon to mean “note what follows” • 1. Use a colon before a list of items when it does not awkwardly end the sentence. • Correct: We went to the store and bought the following items: oranges, apples, and bananas. • Incorrect: We went to the store and bought: apples, oranges, and bananas. • Because you wouldn’t end a sentence after “bought,” don’t put a colon there. • Usually the words “the following” or “as follows” will be used for clarity.

  14. 2. Use a colon before a long, formal statement or quotation. • Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address reads: “Fourscore and seven years ago, our forefathers…” • 3. Use a colon before a statement that clarifies or further explains a preceding statement. • He deserves a raise: He completed all work early! (Notice that the second idea begins with a capital letter!)

  15. 4. Use a colon in the conventional ways. • Between the hour and minute in time – 6:15 p.m. • Between the chapter and verse(s) in Bible references – Psalms 25:6-10 • Between a title and subtitle – Star Wars: The Next Generation • After the greeting in a business letter – Dear Members of the School Board:

  16. Ex. 3 page 730-731

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