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When A Pesticide Doesn’t Work

When A Pesticide Doesn’t Work. Wayne Buhler and Mary Christie , NC State University, and Mark Shour , Iowa State university. ( Based on a fact sheet by Fred Fishel , Univ. of Florida). Pesticides…. …important tools used to manage pests

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When A Pesticide Doesn’t Work

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  1. When A Pesticide Doesn’t Work Wayne Buhler and Mary Christie, NC State University, and Mark Shour, Iowa State university. (Based on a fact sheet by Fred Fishel, Univ. of Florida)

  2. Pesticides… • …important tools used to manage pests • …represent just one tool in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) tool box of control methods • …might not control the pest as planned

  3. Why might a pest controlfailure occur? AUDIENCE PARTICIPATION: Please give the speaker your thoughts about why YOU think a pesticide does not control the target pest

  4. Common reasons for control failure • Improper pest identification • Improper choice of pesticide • Improper timing of application • Pesticide does not reach target pest(s) • Unfavorable environmental conditions • Pesticide has broken down • Pest has developed resistance • Incorrect pesticide dosage applied

  5. 1. Improper pest identification • What physical features help identify pest: Lambsquarter vs. Pigweed?

  6. 1. Improper pest identification • What physical features help identify the pest? Wireworms vs. White grubs

  7. 1. Improper pest identification • What physical features identify pest? Thrips vs. aphids vs. spider mites

  8. 1. Improper pest identification –East NC • What crops does pest feed on? Cotton

  9. 1. Improper pest identification –East NC • What is the pest’s life cycle? Cotton

  10. 1. Improper pest identification–East NC • What damage does the pest cause? Plant bug damage on Cotton

  11. 1. Improper pest identification–East NC • What crops does the pest feed on? Sweet potatoes

  12. 1. Improper pest identification–East NC • What is the pest’s life cycle? Sweet Potato Flea Beetle

  13. 1. Improper pest identification–East NC • What damage does the pest cause? Flea Beetles on Sweet Potatoes

  14. 1. Improper pest identification-Disease Granville Wilt Fusarium Wilt Photos courtesy Dr. “Mina” Mila

  15. Pest identification • One type of pesticide will not control all pests - need a correct ID to choose the correct pesticide. • Help with identification and analysis: • Cooperative Extension Service • Internet (e.g. Weed ID guide —http://www.ppws.vt.edu/weedindex.htm) • The Plant Disease and Insect Clinic (NCSU) • Soil Testing and Nematode Analysis (NCDA&CS)

  16. 1. Improper pest identification–West NC • What physical features help identify pest? Spruce spider mite vs. Hemlock rust mite

  17. 1. Improper pest identification–West NC • What crops does pest feed on? Tomatoes

  18. 1. Improper pest identification-West NC • What is the pest’s life cycle? Tomatoes

  19. 1. Improper pest identification–West NC • Damage caused? Stinkbugs on tomatoes

  20. 1. Improper pest identification–West NC • What crops does pest feed on? Christmas trees

  21. 1. Improper pest identification–West NC • What damage does the pest cause? Balsam Woolly Adelgids on Christmas trees

  22. Pest identification • One type of pesticide will not control all pests- need a correct ID to choose the correct pesticide. • Help with Identification and Analysis: • Cooperative Extension Service • Internet (e.g. Weed ID guide —http://www.ppws.vt.edu/weedindex.htm) • The Plant Disease and Insect Clinic (NCSU) • Soil Testing and Nematode Analysis (NCDA&CS)

  23. 2. Improper choice of pesticide • Herbicides are not made equal…

  24. 2. Improper choice of pesticide • Insecticides vs. Miticides

  25. Natural Enemies are Your Friends • Killing bio-control organisms with pesticides may lead to pest resurgence or secondary pests Lady bug eating worm Lady bug larva Photo by D.Roos Syrphid fly larva eating aphids

  26. 2. Improper choice of pesticide • Fungicides, Nematicides, and others

  27. 3. Improper timing of application • What stage in the pest’s life cycle is most susceptible? • Different pests are susceptible at different life stages • Insects - often in the larval or nymph stage • Weeds - often most effective on early stages • Protective fungicides must be applied before the fungus is present

  28. Application timing • When should you apply a pesticide? Depends on the pest!

  29. Pesticide does not reach the target • Some pests are difficult to reach • Under leaves • Under bark • In soil or roots

  30. Pesticide does not reach the target • Some pests are difficult to reach • Within stems • In fruits European Corn Borer Photo courtesy Dominic Reisig

  31. 4. Does not reach target • Are you using the right type of application equipment? And, is it setup correctly?

  32. 4. Pesticide does not reach target • Is the sprayer pressure set correctly? • Bare soil? • Weeds? • Insects? • Fungicides?

  33. 4. Pesticide does not reach target • Do you have to water in the application?

  34. 5. Unfavorable environmental conditions • Does the weather forecast include rain? • Most pesticides should not be applied just before or during rain because it washes pesticide off-target; carried off-site

  35. 5. Unfavorable environmental conditions • How hot/cold are temperatures predicted to be during or right after the application? • High temperatures can cause the pesticide to volatilize (become vapor) and drift • If it is too hot and dry, weeds will have a thicker cuticle making it harder for the herbicide to penetrate and kill the pest.

  36. 5. Unfavorable environmental conditions • Wind speed, wind direction and spray droplet size are the primary factors affecting drift • Minimizing Drift is the Applicator’s responsibility

  37. State of the pesticide • Under some conditions pesticides change into a form that is not effective • Age of the pesticide • Moisture can cause clumping or deactivation • Heat can cause volatilization • Info often found on label

  38. 6. Pesticide has broken down • Are pesticide storage conditions poor?

  39. 6. Pesticide has broken down • How long has the pesticide been on your shelf?

  40. 6. Pesticide has broken down • Has moisture ruined your granular pesticide?

  41. 7. Pest has developed resistance • What is pesticide resistance? A change in the sensitivity of a pest population to a pesticide, resulting in the failure of a correct application to control the pest.

  42. Year ONE PAT - HRM 27

  43. Year TWO PAT - HRM 28

  44. Year THREE PAT - HRM 29

  45. Year FOUR PAT - HRM 30

  46. Year FIVE PAT - HRM 31

  47. 7. Pest has developed resistance • How can I slow pesticide resistance? • Use proven strategies from the IPM “toolbox” • Rotate to a different mode of action (MOA) • Pesticides are grouped according to family and target site of action or MOA • Pesticides within a family have similar chemical structures and typically the MOA

  48. Incorrect pesticide dosage • Read the Label!

  49. Incorrect pesticide dosage • Under-dosing- • Can be expensive • May need retreatment • Over-dosing • Illegal! • One dose does not fit all! Read the label carefully for specific directions about target pests.

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