0701

1. 0701 INFANTRY + IMPROVED THE PHALANX BY PROVIDING LONGER SPEAR (SARISSA) ABOUT 21 FEET LONG AND INCREASING THE DEPTH FROM 8 TO 16 RANKS+ IN BATTLE FORMATION THE SARISSA OF THE FIRST FIVE RANKS PROTRUDED INTO AN IMPENETRABLE HEDGE, WHILE THE REMAINING RANKS GROUNDED OR CARRIED THEIR SARISSA AT A 45 DEGREE ANGLE TO DEFLECT MISSILES FROM OVERHEAD+ ON LEVEL GROUND THIS MOBILE FORCE WAS INVINCIBLE WHEN IT BORE DOWN WITH LOCKED SHIELDS AND BRISTLING POINTS. BUT FORMATION HAD WEAKNESSES. ITS FLANKS AND REAR WERE OPEN TO ATTACK, BUT IT WAS BETTER ABLE TO MANEUVER OVER ROUGH TERRAIN THAN PREVIOUS PHALANXES. EoW

2. INFANTRY (CONT) 0702 + AS A REMEDY FOR BOTH DEFECTS HE BUILT UP A SUPPORTING LIGHT INFANTRY 1. PROTECTED THE WINGS OF THE PHALANX, LENDING MOBILITY AS WELL AS DEFENSE 2. CONSISTED OF MAINLY PELTASTS (LIGHTLY ARMORED PIKEMEN) BUT ALSO INCLUDED ARCHERS, SLINGERS, AND JAVELIN MEN+ THE LIGHT INFANTRY SERVED AS A LINK BETWEEN THE SLOWER MOVING PHALANX AND THE FASTER MOVING CALVARY+ THIS "HINGE" WAS ESSENTIAL TO AN ADVANCE IN OBLIQUE ORDER, FOR WITHOUT IT, CONTACT BETWEEN THE CAVALRY AND PHALANX WOULD ALMOST CERTAINLY BE LOST EoW

3. CAVALRY 0703 + THE CAVALRY HAD BEEN THE WEAKNESS OF GREEK ARMS. PHILIP MADE IT THE STRENGTH OF HIS ARMY. HE ORGANIZED HIS NOBLES INTO A BODYGUARD CALLED THE COMPANIONS WHICH BECAME THE HAMMER OF MACEDONIAN BATTLE TACTICS.+ IN SUPPORT HE FORMED TROOPS OF LIGHT HORSEMEN TRAINED FOR SCOUTING, SKIRMISHING, AND SCREENING+ THE ORGANIZATION OF THE PHALANX WAS REMARKABLY LIKE THAT OF A MODERN ARMY A. TETRARCHIA (PLATOON)-64 MEN B. TAXIARCHIA (COMPANY)-128 MEN C. SYNTAGMA (BATTALION)-256 MEN D. CHILIARCHIA (REGIMENT)-1024 MEN EoW

4. ARTILLERY 0704 + PHILIP ALSO DEVELOPED THE FIRST ARTILLERY ARM OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. THE USE OF "ENGINES OF WAR" HAD BEEN CONFINED TO SIEGECRAFT UNTIL THE MACEDONIAN KING SAW LARGER POSSIBILITIES+ THESE "WAR ENGINES" FELL INTO TWO CATEGORIES EoW

5. ARTILLERY (CONT) 0705 + BALLISTA, OR ANCIENT FIELDPIECE, OPERATED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF TENSION. SIMPLY A MAGNIFIED CROSSBOW STRETCHED BY A WINDLASS. THE PROJECTILE WAS USUALLY A SPEAR EoW

6. ARTILLERY (CONT) 0706 + CATAPULT, OR HOWITZER, OPERATED BY MEANS OF TORSION ITS LONG UPRIGHT ARM TERMINATED IN A "SPOON" OR "CUP". THE OPPOSITE END WAS ENTWINED IN HEAVY CORDS SECURED TO POSTS. THESE CORDS WERE TWISTED BY WINCHES UNTIL THE ARM WAS AT THE DESIRED ANGLE. THE CATAPULT WAS USED TO HURL A MISSILE HIGH IN THE AIR FOR PURPOSES OF CLEARING A WALL OR HILL EoW

7. 0707 + THE DETAILS OF THE MACEDONIAN STAFF SYSTEM ARE NOT WELL-KNOWN BUT MUST HAVE BEEN QUITE THOROUGH AND EXTENSIVE A. COMMAND WAS EXERCISED BY VOICE, BY TRUMPET, AND BY SPEAR MOVEMENTS B. LONG RANGE COMMUNICATIONS WERE ACCOMPLISHED BY SMOKE SIGNALS OR FIRE BEACONS+ PHILIP HAD FORMED THE FIRST NATIONAL STANDING ARMY, ITS STRENGTH MADE UP OF: A. CITIZENS OWING MILITARY SERVICE B. VOLUNTEERS FROM THE NOBILITY C. AUXILIARY TROOPS FORM TRIBUTARY STATES D. MERCENARIES EMPLOYED FOR SOME SPECIAL SKILL EoW