THE TURBULENT SIXTIES

1. THE TURBULENT SIXTIES America: Past and Present Chapter 30

3. Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War • John F. Kennedy a "Cold Warrior" • Kennedy advisors support U.S. hard line against Russia

4. Flexible Response • Arms buildup • conventional armed forces • the nuclear arsenal • Special Forces • U.S. strength tempts new administration to challenge U.S.S.R.

5. Crisis over Berlin • 1961--Khrushchev renews threat again to give Berlin to East Germany • Kennedy’s response • announce crisis on nationwide television • call up the National Guard • Soviets retreat • Berlin Wall built

6. Containment in Southeast Asia • Kennedy sees Southeast Asia as focus of U.S.-Soviet rivalry • support Saigon’s Diem regime • sends 16,000 American military "advisors" • November, 1963--coup against Diem • Kennedy accepts • coup further destabilizes South Vietnam • U.S. involvement in Vietnam deepened

7. Containing Castro:The Bay of Pigs Fiasco • Kennedy supports “anti-Castro forces in exile” • Bay of Pigs invasion a part of 1960 CIA plan under Eisenhower • April, 17 1961—Invasion • 1,400 Cuban exiles land without expected U.S. military support • Defeated within 48 hours • Kennedy takes responsibility in defiant speech against “communist penetration”

8. Containing Castro:The Cuban Missile Crisis • October, 1962--Soviet nuclear missiles confirmed in Cuba • Plan to blockade, invade Cuba • October 22--Kennedy informs Americans of Cuban Missile Crisis • October 28--Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles

9. Containing Castro:The Cuban Missile Crisis (2) • Political • Kennedy’s popularity soars • Democrats gain in Congressional elections • Diplomatic effects • moderation of the Cold War • Russians begin naval, nuclear buildup

10. The New Frontier at Home • Kennedy staff competent, activist • Seeks legislative and economic reform • JFK the administration's greatest asset

11. The Congressional Obstacle • Congress controlled by Southern Democrat-Republican coalition • Coalition blocks far-reaching reform • Kennedy does not challenge Congress

12. Economic Advance • Economic stimulation • increased space, defense spending • informal wage and price guidelines • 1962--U.S. Steel forced to lower prices • 1963--tax cut spurs one of the longest sustained advances in U.S. history • Kennedy's economic policies double growth, cut unemployment

13. Moving Slowly on Civil Rights • Downplay civil rights legislation to avoid alienating Southern Democrats • May, 1961--federal marshals sent to protect Birmingham freedom riders • 1962--federal marshals, National Guard to U. of Mississippi • 1963--deputy attorney general faces down George Wallace at U. of Alabama

14. "I Have a Dream" • May, 1963--violent police suppression of nonviolent protestors in Birmingham • Kennedy intervenes on side of blacks • Congress asked for civil-rights laws • August, 1963--MLK leads March on Washington • Kennedy record disappointing to supporters, ultimately effective

15. The Supreme Court and Reform • Defendants’ rights in criminal cases • Legislative reapportionment of states • 1962--Baker v. Carr establishes "one man, one vote" • Greater social justice achieved • rights of the underprivileged protected • dissent and free expression protected

16. "Let Us Continue" • November 22, 1963--JFK assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald • Lyndon Johnson promises to continue Kennedy's programs • Johnson ultimately exceeds Kennedy’s record on economic, racial equality

17. Johnson in Action • Poor image on television • Effective manager of Congress • Spring, 1964--Kennedy's tax cut passed • July 2-- Civil Rights Act • bans public segregation • protects voting rights

18. The Election of 1964 • 1964--Johnson launches “war on poverty” to • encourage self-help • reduce poverty • Johnson wins landslide election against Republican Barry Goldwater

19. The Triumph of Reform • 1965 Great Society legislation advances beyond New Deal • Medicare • Medicaid • Elementary and Secondary Education Act • Voting Rights Act

20. African American Voter Registration Before and After Passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1964

21. The Second Great Migration:A Theoretical Example

23. Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War • Hawkish foreign policy continued • 1965--troops sent to Dominican Republic • Determined not to "lose" Vietnam to the Communists

24. The Vietnam Dilemma • 1964--Saigon on the verge of collapse • Johnson’s initial response • refuse to send American combat forces • economic aid • military advisers • covert actions • August 1964--Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

25. Southeast Asia and the Vietnam War

26. Escalation • Johnson seeks to avoid diverting resource from Great Society to Vietnam • U.S. effort intended to bring Hanoi into peace negotiations • Policy of secrecy and deceit to assure Americans of Vietnam’s insignificance

27. Stalemate • 1968--500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam • War of attrition increases American losses, enrages South Vietnamese • Johnson’s tactics fail to win the war • Americans gradually turn against the war

28. U.S. Troop Levels in Vietnam (as of Dec. 31 each year)

29. Years of Turmoil • Exceptional unrest at home • Continued escalation of Vietnam war

30. The Student Revolt • 1964--student protest movement launched at Berkeley • Challenge older generation’s materialism • Vietnam War targeted • Widespread cultural uprising

31. Protesting the Vietnam War • October, 1967--100,000 protesters besiege the Pentagon • Demonstrations suppressed by a combination of force, concessions

32. The Cultural Revolution • Rejection of older values through • sexual expression • clothing • drugs • music • Some extremism provokes outrage • Serious challenge to hypocrisy of American society

33. "Black Power" • 1964-1967--riots in northern cities • Rise of militant leaders • black separatism • armed struggle • MLK leads anti-poverty crusade • April, 1968--MLK assassinated • Militancy increases African American pride

34. Ethnic Nationalism • Multiple groups emulate African American movement • 1965--César Chávez organizes National Farm Workers' Association • Chicanos win federal mandate for bilingual education

35. Women's Liberation • 1963--Friedan's The Feminine Mystique • New feminist activism • 1964 Civil Rights Act used to attack inequality in employment • pro-choice advocacy on abortion • seek to toughen enforcement of rape laws • 1972--Congress sends Equal Rights Amendment to the states

36. The Return of Richard Nixon • 1968 a year of turmoil • presidential election • turning point in the Vietnam War • massive protests in the streets • Richard Nixon election demonstrates desire for national reconciliation

37. Vietnam Undermines Lyndon Johnson • 1968--Tet Offensive leads to conclusion that Vietnam war cannot be won • March--Johnson announces he will not seek another term as president

38. The Democrats Divide • Rivals • Minnesota Senator Eugene McCarthy • Robert Kennedy • party leaders favor Hubert Humphrey • Kennedy assassinated during campaign • 1968 Democratic convention in Chicago besieged by antiwar protestors • Democrats wounded in public opinion

39. The Republican Resurgence • Republicans unite on Richard Nixon • George Wallace’s third party candidacy draws Democratic votes • Nixon wins narrow victory

41. The End of an Era • Election of 1968 ends thirty-year era of liberal reform, activist foreign policy • Americans seek less intrusive government