ACS 106: Introduction to Agriculture Academic Yr 2013/14

1. ACS 106: Introduction to Agriculture Academic Yr 2013/14 Course comprises FIVE Sections: • 1. Soils, Climate & Agriculture – Prof S.O. Keya • 2. Agricultural Economics – Prof Ackello-Ogutu • 3. Crops – Prof KimaniWaithaka • 4. Animal Production – Prof B. N. Mitaru • 5. Agricultural Engineering – Dr GichukiMuchiri

2. Brief CV: Prof S. O. Keya See LARMAT Website What is LARMAT? Land Resources management and Agricultural Technologies (Office Next upper Large Lecture Theatre One of the Departments within the Faculty of Agriculture

3. Course Sub-component Outline 1. Land Resources – Soils, Land and Water 2. Sustainable Resources Management 3. Impact of land degradation on food security • Climate and Agriculture • Kenya’s shrinking land base vs Vision 2030 • Issues of climate change – Ecological effects

4. Sub Comp Learning Objective Learners to comprehend that: • Food security depends on good soils • Kenya has to grow more food on less land • Climate change threatens food production • Management of land affects our livelihoods • You have an important role in managing land

5. Napier Horticulture Coffee Maize Based Fallow Natural forest Introduction to AgricultureLecture 1: Land = soil & Water Livestock, Range & Water

6. What is Land? • A broad term embodying the total natural environment of the areas of the earth not covered by water. In addition to soil, its attributes include other physical conditions such as mineral deposits and water supply; location in relation to centers commerce, population, and other land; the size of individual tracts or holdings; and existing plant cover, works of improvement and the like.

7. Land Resources • Department of LARMAT = Land Resources Management and Agricultural Technologies • Land Resources = Land + Water • This Department comprises of Soil Science and Range Management • Water Resources is a component of both soils and range. • Land and water are critical component of agricultural production • Next Year a new degree program on Water resources will be offered

8. Agricultural Land Soil as a major component of Land • Land is important for use in crop production to sustain current world population now at 7 billion people. Sub-Saharan Africa: 0.9 billion and Kenya – 38 million • Land is used for crop and livestock production including structures (roads, farm houses, urban) dwellings. • Cultivated land is referred to as arable land. This definition also include land under permanent pastures. • Land under forest-important for watershed and livelihoods.

9. What Is Soil ? • 1. A dynamic natural body composed of minerals and organic materials including living forms in which plants grow. • 2. The collection of natural bodies occupying parts of the earth’s surface that support plants and that have properties arising from the integrated effect of climate and living matter acting upon parent material, as conditioned by relief, over a period of time.

10. The primary function of soil is to provide plants with air, water, nutrients and a rooting medium for growth and physical support

11. FUNCTIONS OF SOIL

12. FUNCTIONS OF SOIL (cont.) • Provide a medium for plant growth and biological activity • Regulate and partition water flow and storage in the environment • Serve as an environmental filter and buffer in the immobilization and degradation of environmentally hazardous materials (Larson and Pierce, 1991)

13. Water and food requirements • Production of biomass in natural and man made systems require water • Agriculture takes place in open landscape where the forces of nature are both a blessing and a curse – difficult to regulate water needs • Water used in urban context can be re-used since only a small proportion is consumed • Negative environmental impacts such as eutrophication and pollution are felt downstream

14. Water and food requirement contd • Exploitation of blue water resources has been instrumental in allowing substantial food production increase esp, Asia LAC, WANA • Green water remains the most important water source for most forms of agriculture • A growing world population means that more food is required • More food can only be provided if water is available at the right time in the right place, in the necessary quantity and of the appropriate quality

15. Current Water situation in Kenya • Renewable fresh water per capita stands at 647m3 and is expected to fall to 235 m3 by 2025 if supply does not keep with the population increase • Discovery of huge water resources in Turkana will improve Kenya’s water per capita • Investment in these water resources anxiously awaited

17. Current water situation in Kenya • Until 2013, Kenya was classified as one of the water deficient countries in the world • Water resources are unevenly distributed in space and time • About 56% of the country's fresh water resources are in the lake Victoria basin • A large proportion of the country, accounting for more than 80% is semi arid and arid with annual rainfall average of 400mm

18. Irrigated agriculture – greater demand for water • Irrigation is practiced in areas where there is lack of green water • It is estimated that about 4,000 to 5,000 km3 are annually withdrawn from blue water sources • The capacity of the human society to withdraw water has increased in recent years • Expansion of irrigation is significant factor contributing to lowering of groundwater table witnessed in NAfrica, WAsia, Middle East, Western NAmerica, Plains of North China • Galana Irrigation Project launched 2014 – 1 million ha

19. Global land surface is 13.4 billion ha • Agricultural land is 1.5 million ha (11% arable) • Cultivated area represent about 1/3 (36%) land suitable for cultivation • Land with crop production potential - 2.7 billion ha • Hence there is prospects for agricultural expansion • However, there is perception that there is no more land for agriculture. • Yet others argue that there is a shortage of land for cultivation. Will there be an increasing scarcity of land by 2030?

20. To answer this question, examine past trends: • 1961-63 to 1997-99- expansion of arable land in developing countries was 172 million ha (25%) • By 2030, an increase of only 120 million ha or 13% will be possible. • This means adding 3.75 million ha per year compared to 4.8 million ha per year in 1961-63 to 1997-99. • We observe a slowdown of expansion in land. • Some of the land we consider available (2.8 million ha) is not available. • Unavailable land is locked up in other uses such as 45% in forests, 12% in protected areas, 3% in human settlement and infrastructure.

21. In addition, much of the land reserve may have qualities that make agriculture difficult such as: • Low soil fertility • High soil toxicity • High incidence of human and animal diseases • Poor infrastructure • Hilly or difficult terrain • More than 80% of the projected expansion in arable area is expected to take place is Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. • In S. Asia and near East and North Africa, almost all suitable land is already in use.

22. In South and East Asia, > 8% of the increase in production will have to come from yield increase, hence cropping intensities must rise in all regions • Also shortening of fallows periods increased multiple cropping Is land becoming scarce? 1. There is widespread concern that the world may be running out of agricultural land 2. The land scarcity is exacerbated by population growth 3. Conservation of farmland to urban uses • Land degradation and other factors Non-agricultural uses vary from country to country and the local level. • Land scarcity is a reality with serious consequences for poverty reduction and food security. • Land scarcity is likely to worsen unless remedial action is taken.

24. Kenya's Shrinking Land Base (UNDP 2008)

25. Land Degradation • Land degradation is the process by which the soils current or future capacity to produce is lowered by chemical, physical or biological changes. • The area of degraded land is not known with much precision. The assessment is often based on expert judgement rather than objective measurement. • Estimates by Global Assessment of Land Degradation (GLASOD) puts the total degraded lands at 1964 million ha, of which 910 million are moderately degraded. • Water erosion is the most common problem, affecting 1100 million ha, followed by wind erosion, which affected almost 600 million ha.

26. Impact of land degradation on productivity • Seriousness varies widely from site to site • Degradation is a slow process • Can be masked by application of fertilization and by changing the crops grown. Off-site effects of land degradation • Siltation of streambeds and dams • Flood damage • Loss of fisheries and the eutrophication of lakes and coastal waters. e.g. • Lake Victoria, • Nyanza gulf – water hyacinth • Lake Naivasha – Siltation • Indian Ocean – sedimentation from Tana River • Siltation of Dams – Masinga, Kindaruma

27. The off-site costs of degradation were often greater than the ones on-site. • The off-site effects of degradation are not all negative: • Losses in one place may result in gains elsewhere • When soil is eroded from uplands boosts productivity in lowlands (alluvial plains) where it is deposited • Strategies to reduce land degradation [likely to reduce its extent or impact] • Shifts in livestock production to more intensive systems will take pressure from the land (dry land pastures) • As people leave rural areas for urban centers and farming for non-farming occupations, • Marginal lands, Drylands steep slopes tend to be abandoned

28. Trends to reduce land degradation:- • No-till/conservation agriculture – maintaining year round soil cover and increasing organic matter is soils. • Increased fertilizer consumption and more efficient fertilizer use • The use of irrigation, water harvesting, drought tolerant crops and grazing-tolerant grasses, which improve crop and vegetation cover and reduce erosion in dry lands • The cultivation of legumes, which can add nitrogen to soils and improve their stability and texture in mixed crop-livestock farming system. • Diversification into higher value crops in protecting soils. Dry land range rehabilitation. Farmer incentives for land investments.

29. Principle Types of Land Degradation • Sloping land is particularly prone to water erosion, especially in wet areas where slopes exceed 10 – 30% • Desertification, a term referring to land degradation in arid and semi-arid areas. In Kenya, 80% of the country is Arid and Semi-arid land (ASAL) • Salinization occurs in irrigated areas, usually when inadequate drainage causes salts to concentrate in the upper soil layers where plant root. • It is a problem in arid and semi-arid zones, where 10 – 50% of the irrigated area may be affected. Salinization can cause yield decreases of 10 – 25% for many crops and may prevent cropping altogether

30. Nutrient mining is also a serious problem. Farmers often use insufficient fertilizer to replace the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) harvested with their crops and lost through leaching. Micro-nutrients may also be deficient, e.g. • Fe • Boron • Mo

31. CAUSES OF SOIL DEGRADATION

32. Policy Recommendations • Increase research and technology development for land management, and improve the flow of information by user friendly farmer networks. • Promote land-improving investments through technical assistance and financing arrangements suitable for low income farmers. E.g. Building soil organic matter, planting trees, installing small scale irrigation • Encourage long-term land improvements by securing property rights and rights of access to natural resources, particularly for the poor. • Develop planning systems for sustainable land use that involve key resource use groups

33. Improve the economic environment for farmers by developing market infrastructure, correcting distorted price incentives, and encouraging rural income growth and diversification. • In the case of marginal lands/ drylands regions/counties: • Encourage more public investment in infrastructure, soil services and agricultural support services.

34. THINK ABOUT THESE STATEMENTS • The problem of food production lies in the soil • The solution of food production lies in the soil

35. Millennium Development Goals – A UNGA resolution • 1. Eradicate poverty and hunger • 2. Universal primary education • 3. Gender equality • 4. Reduce child mortality • 5. Improve maternal health • 6. Combat diseases • 7. Ensure environmental sustainability

36. Kenya Vision 2030 vs MDGs

37. FLAGSHIP PROJECTS(Agricultural and Livestock Sector) • Food Security - Components • Enactment of consolidated agricultural reform bill • Fertiliser cost reduction – produce 200,000 metric tons of various fertilizer types and ensure accessibility and affordability • ASALs irrigation development – put 0.6 to 1.2 million hectares under irrigation Opportunities and Challenges

38. ECONOMIC PILLAR(Adding Value to Our Products & Services) • Increase economic growth rate from 7% achieved in 2007 to 10% by 2012 and sustain an average 10% economic growth rate to 2030 • Six sectors have been identified: • Agriculture • Tourism • Wholesale, retail and trade Opportunities and Challenges

39. Enablers and Macro – Cont’d Water and sanitation Human resources development Security, peace building and conflict management Opportunities and Challenges

40. ENABLERS AND MACRO(Foundations to Socioeconomic Development) Three pillars are anchored on: Infrastructure ICT Science, Technology and Innovation Land reforms Public sector reforms Opportunities and Challenges

41. FEATURES OF VISION 2030 41 Vision 2030 Enablers and Macro Economic Pillar Political Pillar Social Pillar National Values (Moral Foundation) September 16, 2014 Overview of Vision 2030 Opportunities and Challenges

42. Bende, Nigeria, rice and many others

43. Bende, Nigeria, rice and Cassava& Yam

44. Makeni, After rice

45. Mopti, Mali

46. Gao, Mali, Oryza Glaberrima

47. Sawah based rice production: Ecotechnology for Food, Environment, Landscape, and Culture(Multi-functionality) (World Heritage, Ifugao people, Philippine,Koudansha Co. Ltd, 1998)

48. Terraced sawah systems at Asuka, Nara, one of the oldest in Japan

49. Weeds are stronger: upland rice, Bida Nupe’s traditional partial water control system Nupe’s indigenous partial water control system No ecotechnology measures Once Sawah systems are developed by farmers’ self-support efforts and water is controlled, majority of HYV can produce higher than 5 t/ha Inland Valley, Sierra Leone