Bream Head Scenic Reserve

1. Bream Head Scenic Reserve Our place, our vision, our action.

2. What is the Bream Head Scenic Reserve? The Bream Head Scenic Reserve is an outstanding ecosystem supporting a high diversity of native species. It is rated as a nationally significant site by the Department of Conservation. To find out more, go to:www.doc.govt.nz Our place, our vision, our action.

3. What is the Bream Head Scenic Reserve? The Reserve is surrounded on three sides by the sea. Coastal cliffs dominate the landscape on these sides, but each also has small sandy beaches. Most of the Reserve has forest or shrub cover, with cleared pasture in the Urquhart’s Bay to Smuggler’s Beach area. What are the names of the beaches, bays and hills of the Reserve? Aerial view Bream Head Scenic Reserve Our place, our vision, our action.

4. Where is the Reserve? The Bream Head Scenic Reserve is situated at the entrance to Whangarei Harbour at Whangarei Heads, about 30 kilometres southeast of Whangarei City. There are also many offshore islands close to Bream Head. What are their names and why are they significant to the Reserve? The Bream Head Scenic Reserve Our place, our vision, our action.

5. Why is the Reserve important? What do you enjoy doing and seeing at Bream Head? The Reserve contains: • unique archaeological, historical and landscape features • the largest remaining intact stand of coastal broadleaf and pohutukawa forest in Northland • many opportunities for walking, picnicking, swimming, exploring and enjoying the scenery Bream Head – a place of stunning landscapes Our place, our vision, our action.

6. Why is the Reserve important? Whangarei Heads has a nearby marine reserve – Reotahi's Motukaroro Island marine reserve, which is part of the Whangarei Harbour marine reserve. This Kamo High School initiative was officially approved in 2005 and boasts 26.2 ha of abundant and diverse marine life. Its rocky seabed and kelp beds provide a haven and feeding ground for many fish species, making for a spectacular underwater experience. Find out how you can experience this marine reserve at www.emr.org.nz Snorkelling day at the marine reserve. Our place, our vision, our action.

7. What was the Reserve like in the past? Before the arrival of humans, the Bream Head forest was healthy. At nightfall came the cry of kaka, then morepork, kiwi and seabirds returning to nest, with tuatara hunting silently for giant weta. Dawn was broken by the chorus of bellbirds, kokako and saddlebacks, and the chatter of kakariki overhead, while the song of whiteheads and robins rang through the valleys. How many of these creatures can still be heard on the Reserve? Morepork, Bream Head Scenic Reserve. Our place, our vision, our action.

8. What went wrong? Since human habitation, there has been significant decline in the Reserve's conservation values. Introduced predators, insects and plants, along with the clearing of land for farms, depleted the Bream Head forest of its native plants and animals. Unless the forest is restored, these creatures may well be lost to us for ever. Giant kauri like this one were once more plentiful at the Bream Head Scenic Reserve. How does restoring the forest help to bring back native species? Our place, our vision, our action.

9. What is being done to restore the Reserve? In 2002, a group of locals got together to form the Bream Head Conservation Trust - a partnership between the community, the Department of Conservation, the Whangarei District Council and Iwi. Why would a partnership between these groups be needed to restore the Reserve successfully ? Bream Head Conservation Trust information day. Our place, our vision, our action.

10. What does the Trust aim to do? Build on the Department of Conservation's management of the Reserve to: • restore the Reserve's ecology • preserve its historical and archaeological features • enhance it's recreational and educational potential For more information on the Bream Head Conservation Trust, or to become a member, go to www.breamheadtrust.org.nz Our place, our vision, our action.

11. What is the Trust's vision? To restore the Reserve as close as possible to its original state to help return the dawn chorus of bird song. The Dawn Chorus activity in the Activities section of this Resource helps you understand and recreate what this would sound like. Our place, our vision, our action.

12. How is the Trust realising this vision? Birds return to live naturally where they are safe and where the trees and plants they need for feeding, breeding and shelter are healthy and plentiful. To help restore such a forest on the Reserve, predators and competitors must be removed. The partnership has put in place robust pest control and planting programmes to achieve this. Birds like tui at Bream Head need a healthy forest in which to live successfully. Which native birds feed on which trees on the Reserve? Our place, our vision, our action.

13. How is the Trust realising this vision? How does the Trust carry out and fund all these activities? By: • developing a healthy forest ecosystem • being part of the recovery of threatened and rare species • working towards reintroducing flora and fauna formerly present • carrying out pest control programmes • getting local communities involved in restoration programmes • providing education resources for local communities • looking after walking tracks Bream Head Conservation Trust planting day. Our place, our vision, our action.

14. Which native birds will be returned to the Reserve? All native birds that lived there before the arrival of predators. Some bird species still inhabit the Reserve. Others are regular or occasional visitors, and some need to be translocated to become established. kiwi bellbird kukupa Which of these birds already live on the Reserve, which are visitors and which need to be reintroduced by humans? What others could be considered for re-introduction? kaka kakariki saddleback Our place, our vision, our action.

15. Which sea birds live on the Reserve's coastline? Variable oystercatcher The headlands, islands and beaches surrounding the Bream Head Scenic Reserve provide important nesting, resting and feeding areas for these and other sea birds. Northern New Zealand dotterel White-fronted tern Reef heron Black-backed gull Red-billed gull What makes the Reserve's coastline such a good place for sea birds to feed or breed? Shag Little blue penguin Our place, our vision, our action.

16. What other creatures live on the Reserve? • lizards and skinks • invertebrates (insects) Auckland green gecko How many species from either of these groups can be found at the Bream Head Scenic Reserve? Flax snail Our place, our vision, our action.

17. What introduced creatures live on the Reserve? Predator pests! • rats and mice • possums • mustelids (stoats, weasels, ferrets • dogs who visit from nearby properties • cats • ants Possum (left) and rat (right) eat chicks from nests. Wild cat Describe the impact of these pests on the Reserve? Kiwi killed by a dog Argentine ant Stoat Our place, our vision, our action.

18. What trees are important on the Reserve? Bream Head Scenic Reserve contains the largest coastal broadleaf forest in Northland. It includes such trees as: • pohutukawa • puriri • taraire • tawapou How does each tree contribute to the the Bream Head Scenic Reserve ecosystem? • nikau • karaka • kowhai Pohutukawa Our place, our vision, our action.

19. What other native plants make up the Reserve's ecosystem? • flax • ferns • dune plants • ground covers Are there others? How does each plant contribute? What rare or endangered plants are present on the Bream Head Scenic Reserve? Flax Pingao Ponga - New Zealand tree fern Native clematis Our place, our vision, our action.

20. What plant pests are present on the Reserve? Plant pests such as wild ginger and pine trees have been eliminated from the Reserve. However the following remain and are being treated: • moth plant • pampas grass • Jerusalem cherry • wattle Wattle Moth plant How do these plant pests impact on the Reserve's native plants and wildlife? Jerusalem cherry Pampas grass Our place, our vision, our action.

21. What else threatens the Reserve’s ecology? Fire from: • cigarette butts • cooking fires • backyard burnoffs How do fires impact on the Reserve? The fire that caused this damage was lit by fishermen cooking up their catch. Our place, our vision, our action.

22. What else threatens the Reserve’s ecology? Pollution and waste: • litter • air pollution • oils and dispersants • urban runoff • anti-fouling paints from the ship industry • oil and bilge spills at boat ramps or refuelling depots • harbour sewage leaks, sewer floods or faulty sewerage systems Beach clean up – Home Point Find out what the New Zealand Refinery is doing to prevent pollution impact on the Reserve at www.nzrc.co.nz Our place, our vision, our action.

23. Who lived on the Reserve? Middens, pa sites and terraces show Maori occupied Te Whara (Bream Head) up to 500 years ago, and used the forest and coast as a food basket. Te Whara (Bream Head) and nearby Mt Manaia hold special significance to Maori, and all archaeological sites are protected under the Historic Places Act 1993. Maori shell midden at Smugglers Cove What Maori myths and legends surround the Bream Head Scenic Reserve area? Our place, our vision, our action.

24. Who lived on the Reserve? The first European settlers came from Scotland, via Nova Scotia and Australia around 1853. The "Gazelle" was the first ship to bring settlers to Waipu and a few made the journey across the harbour to the Heads. Their descendants still live at Bream Head, and many local settlements are named after them. The Gazelle brought the first European settlers to the Bream Head area.Photo: Waipu Museum Who were these early settlers? How did they use the Reserve area? The Waipu Museum is a good place to get this information. Our place, our vision, our action.

25. Who lived on the Reserve? By the start of World War II, the western end of the current Bream Head Scenic Reserve, from Home Point to Smugglers Beach, had long been cleared for pastoral farming. During the war, a naval radar station was built above Ocean Beach, as well as a gun emplacement at Home Point, as defence against possible invasion. Remains of the Home Point gun emplacement, observation post and engine room. Go to the 'Bream Head Timeline' in the Activities section for more information on Bream Head history. Our place, our vision, our action.

26. Who lives on the Reserve now? Today, many permanent and holiday homes, farms and lifestyle blocks can be found close to the Bream Head Scenic Reserve. It is also a popular place for tourists and locals to visit. How are Bream Head locals involved in helping to restore the Bream Head Scenic Reserve? Many current Whangarei Heads residents are actively involved in helping restore the Reserve. Our place, our vision, our action.

27. What are the geological features of the Reserve? Bream Head is made up of a mix of volcanic and sedimentary rocks. This includes volcanic cones, lava plugs, tuffs and dykes. The Reserve is dominated by the steep andesite outcrops of Bream Head (Te Whara) and Mt Lion (Matariki), with the western headland featuring the andesite peaks of Mt Urquhart and Home Point. Bream Head (Te Whara) Go to 'Bream Head Geology' in the Activities section for more information. Our place, our vision, our action.

28. How can you help restore the Reserve? Become a friend of the Bream Head Conservation Trust. Go to www.breamheadtrust.org.nz for details. . Which Bream Head Conservation Trust activities can you support, and how? Bream Head Conservation Trust planting days. Our place, our vision, our action.

29. How can you help restore the Reserve? How can you deliver these messages to your community? • light no fires in or near the Reserve • dispose of cigarettes responsibly • take your rubbish home with you • observe the marine reserve regulations • avoid disturbing animal and plant life • keep dogs and cats at home • help with projects (e.g. planting days) • keep to the tracks Keep dogs and cats at home. Our place, our vision, our action.

30. How can you help restore the Reserve? Enjoy your time there, and help others to do the same. Spread the message! Our place, our vision, our action.

31. Bream Head Scenic Reserve Our place, our vision, our action.