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Exploring Animal Support Systems and Reproduction

Learn about different support systems in animals, from exoskeletons to hydrostatic skeletons, and explore the fascinating world of reproduction mechanisms, such as sexual reproduction, parthenogenesis, and mating behaviors. Discover the various levels of organization in animals, from cellular to organism levels, and delve into the intriguing diversity of invertebrate and vertebrate groups. Gain insights into body symmetries, movement characteristics, and segmentation in the animal kingdom.

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Exploring Animal Support Systems and Reproduction

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  1. Support Systems • Have some type of skeletal support • Endoskeletoninside and made of cartilage &/or bone • Exoskeletons found in arthropods • Cover the outside of the body • Limit size • Must be molted making animal vulnerable to predators

  2. Bellwork: • None for the rest of the year…maybe

  3. Cicada Molting Exoskeleton

  4. Support Systems • Worms and echinoderms (starfish) have fluid-filled internal cavities giving them support • Called hydrostatic skeletons

  5. Movement • Animals such as sponges may be sessile (attached & non-moving) • Animals that move very little are said to be sedentary (clam) • Animals that can move are motile • Have muscular tissue to provide energy for movement

  6. SESSILE SEDENTARY Chiton Sponge MOTILE Cheetah

  7. Reproduction in Animals • All animals are capable of sexual reproduction • Some animals like sponges and earthworms are hermaphroditesproducing both eggs and sperm • Hermaphrodites may exchange sperm and NOT fertilize their own eggs

  8. Leeches Exchange Sperm During Mating leech Mating

  9. Reproduction in Animals • Females of some animals produce eggs, but the eggs develop without being fertilized • Called Parthenogenesis • New offspring will be all female Parthenogenesis occurs in some fishes, several kinds of insects, and a few species of frogs and lizards

  10. Parthenogenesis in the Komodo Dragon

  11. Female Beetles Mating Young Courtship Male Mating and Mating Behaviors

  12. Levels of Organization • Sponges are the ONLY animals that have just the cellular level • All other animals show these levels – cell, tissue, organ, and system • Cells may specialize(take own different shapes and functions) • Cells are held together by cell junctions to form tissues

  13. Molecule or compound Atom Organelle Levels of Organization CELL Life begins Tissue Organ Organ system Organism

  14. Invertebrate groups

  15. Characteristics of Invertebrates • Simplest animals • Contain the greatest number of different species • Most are aquatic (found in water) • Do NOT have a backbone • Includes sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, annelids, mollusks, arthropods, and echinoderms

  16. Sponge - Porifera Osculum of Sponge

  17. Sea Anemone - Cnidaria Tentacles of Sea Anemone

  18. More Cnidarians Brain Coral Red jellyfish

  19. Flatworms - Platyhelminthes Marine Flatworm Planarian

  20. Roundworms (Nematoda) and Segmented Worms (Annelida) Nematode Leech (segmented worm)

  21. Mollusca (With and Without Shells) snail scallop octopus nudibranch nautilus

  22. Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans, horseshoe crab) spider crayfish Horseshoe crab Dung beetle

  23. Echinoderms Sea fan (crinoid) starfish Brittle star Sand dollar Sea cucumber

  24. Vertebrate Groups

  25. Vertebrata • More complex animals • Most have a backbone made up of individual bones called vertebrae • From simplest to most complex, the phylum includes: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

  26. Vertebrate Backbone

  27. Vertebrata • Vertebrates have endoskeletons (internal) • Some vertebrates have skeletons of cartilage(sharks, rays, and skates) • Other vertebrates have skeletons of bone and cartilage(reptiles, birds, & mammals)

  28. Bone & Cartilage in Fetus

  29. Fish lancelet ray damselfish anglerfish

  30. Amphibia salamander toad frog newt

  31. Reptilia Turtle Snake Lizard Alligator

  32. Birds - Aves hummingbird ostrich lovebirds

  33. Mammalia

  34. Body Areas

  35. Surfaces • Dorsal – back or upper surface • Ventral – belly or lower surface • Anterior – head or front end • Posterior – tail or hind end opposite the head • Oral surface (echinoderms) – is where the mouth is located (underside) • Aboral surface (echinoderms) – is opposite the mouth (top side)

  36. Surfaces (Most Animals) DORSAL POSTERIOR ANTERIOR VENTRAL

  37. Surfaces (Echinoderms) ORAL ABORAL mouth

  38. Symmetry

  39. Body Symmetry

  40. Body Symmetry • Symmetry is the arrangement of body parts around a central plane or axis • Asymmetry occurs when the body can’t be divided into similar sections (sponges)

  41. Body Symmetry • Radial symmetry occurs when body parts are arranged around a central point like spokes on a wheel(echinoderms) • Most animals with radial symmetry are sessile(attached) or sedentary(move very little)

  42. Body Symmetry • Bilateral symmetry occurs when animals can be divided into equal halves along a single plane • Organisms will have right and left sides that are mirror images of each other • More complex type of symmetry

  43. Body Symmetry • Animals with bilateral symmetry are usually motile • Animals have an anterior and posterior ends • Show cephalization(concentration of sensory organs on the head or anterior end)

  44. Segmentation

  45. Segmentation • Occurs whenever animal bodies are divided into repeating units or segments • Found in more complex animals • Earthworms show external segmentation • Humans show internal segmentation (backbone) • Segments may fuse (cephalothorax)

  46. Segmentation cephalothorax

  47. Tissues

  48. Tissue Development • Zygote (fertilized egg) undergoes rapid cell divisions called cleavage • Forms a hollow ball of cells called the blastula

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