What is Your Definition of Strategy

1. What is Your Definition of Strategy?

2. What are the Levels of Strategy? Grand Strategy Military Strategy Theater Strategy Service Strategy Organizational Personal

3. What is Strategy? Strategy � (DoD) A prudent idea or set of ideas for employing the instruments of� power in a synchronized and integrated fashion to achieve� objectives. Strategy is based upon long-term objectives and environment Elements of Strategy: Ends � What will be accomplished (Objectives) Ways � How it will be accomplished / (Lines of Operation / CONOPs) Means � Resources required to the achieve ends Prioritizes / Focuses Resource Allocation Identifies Risk (Acceptable / Unacceptable) Links / Mutually Supports

4. Thoughts on Strategy�the art of the general� Strategy is the use of engagements for the object of war. Carl von Clausewitz He who attempts to defend everything defends nothing. Frederick the Great Strategy is the art of controlling and utilizing the resources of a nation. Edward Mead Earle Strategy is the product of the dialogue between policy and national power. Colin Gray Clausewitz is too focused on the art of assembling and employing military forces. Strategy is broader than the application of military force. -We can speak of four levels of strategy.Clausewitz is too focused on the art of assembling and employing military forces.

5. Link Ends, Ways, and Means This is done in the context of a security environmentThis is done in the context of a security environment

6. Core Questions for the Strategist Where do we want to go or what are the desired ends? How do we achieve our ends or what are the ways? What resources are available or what are the available means? What type of risk is the country willing to assume? Countries can make choices of strategy Countries can make choices of strategy

7. Identifying Ends @National Level Enduring National Interests Ensure the security of the state and its people Establish a stable and secure region Democratic National Interests Promote the prosperity of the people Encourage human security Advance democratic institutions Product of national decision-makers Guarantee environmental security Promote democracy Establish free trade zones The starting point for developing strategy is identifying ends. Interests are a starting point; reflect the identity of a people. In a democracy, the national interest is: Simply the set of shared priorities regarding relations with the rest of the world In a democracy, interests are a product of political struggle We can choose to decide when intervention is in the national interest (Tsunami) It�s in the national interest if the President says so -If the objective is too vague or poorly understood, no amount of resources or careful employment of resources will ensure success. Enduring values and beliefs embodied in the national purpose that represent the legal, philosophical, and moral basis for preserving your country. -US examples: Carter emphasized human rights; Reagan emphasized security; Clinton emphasized economic integration Based on these objectives, strategists then consider alternative concepts and courses of action for the use of national elements of power. The starting point for developing strategy is identifying ends. Interests are a starting point; reflect the identity of a people. In a democracy, the national interest is: Simply the set of shared priorities regarding relations with the rest of the world In a democracy, interests are a product of political struggle We can choose to decide when intervention is in the national interest (Tsunami) It�s in the national interest if the President says so -If the objective is too vague or poorly understood, no amount of resources or careful employment of resources will ensure success. Enduring values and beliefs embodied in the national purpose that represent the legal, philosophical, and moral basis for preserving your country. -US examples: Carter emphasized human rights; Reagan emphasized security; Clinton emphasized economic integration Based on these objectives, strategists then consider alternative concepts and courses of action for the use of national elements of power.

8. Intensity of Interests Vital If unfulfilled, will have immediate consequences for core interests Important If unfulfilled, will result in damage that will eventually affect core national interests Peripheral If unfilled, will result in damage that is unlikely to affect core national interests -What threatens the nation? -What are you willing to die for? Stephen Walt: countries go to war out of �fear, greed, stupidity� Classifications can be limited-What threatens the nation? -What are you willing to die for? Stephen Walt: countries go to war out of �fear, greed, stupidity� Classifications can be limited

9. The Afghanistan Strategy(ENDS)

10. Specifying Ways How do we achieve our ends? Strategic concepts An end-to-end stream of activities that defines how elements, systems, organizations and tactics combine to accomplish national objectives or tasks. How something might be done Consider Feasibility, Suitability, and Acceptability How something might be done. While ways should be strategy driven, they are necessarily resource constrained. For example, unless a state has nuclear weapons, the concept of nuclear deterrence cannot be adopted in developing its security strategy. Therefore the state must find alternative ways to enhance security or deter attack by a nuclear-capable country. The NATO alliance has filled this purpose since 1949. Once options are identified, they should be evaluated in terms of feasibility, suitability, and acceptability. Feasibility: Are the means available to execute the ways? Suitability: Will it achieve the desired ends? Acceptability: does it have domestic and political support? Is it legal? Ethical? Worth the costs? Example: end�eliminate Jamaica as a transshipment point for drugs. Without specifying who or which agency/department of government would do this, what are some ways to achieve this end?How something might be done. While ways should be strategy driven, they are necessarily resource constrained. For example, unless a state has nuclear weapons, the concept of nuclear deterrence cannot be adopted in developing its security strategy. Therefore the state must find alternative ways to enhance security or deter attack by a nuclear-capable country. The NATO alliance has filled this purpose since 1949. Once options are identified, they should be evaluated in terms of feasibility, suitability, and acceptability. Feasibility: Are the means available to execute the ways? Suitability: Will it achieve the desired ends? Acceptability: does it have domestic and political support? Is it legal? Ethical? Worth the costs? Example: end�eliminate Jamaica as a transshipment point for drugs. Without specifying who or which agency/department of government would do this, what are some ways to achieve this end?

11. The Afghanistan Strategy(WAYS)

12. Committing Means �In my era, even if commanders produced good strategies at their level (and I believe we did), with good ends and reasonable ways to achieve them, we still had no idea whether or not the administration and the Congress would come through with the means.� General Tony Zinni, former commander of US forces in the Near East, Central Asia, and East Africa Strategy should be ends driven, not resource-driven. But, the strategy should be feasible.Strategy should be ends driven, not resource-driven. But, the strategy should be feasible.

13. Instruments (Tools) of National Power Diplomatic Informational Military Economic

15. The Afghanistan Strategy(MEANS)

16. Aligned Strategies Our major strategic documents are at a higher period of alignment than at any time in recent history. As you can see these documents flow from, and support one another, ensuring that our strategy is executed in a coherent manner across the Geo-Political, Political-Military and Military-Operational landscapes. Our National Defense Strategy is meant to illustrate how the Department of Defense will carry out the President�s National Security Strategy. The National Military Strategy describes how the military will implement the NDS. (The QDR, in turn, takes these strategy documents and operationalizes them by tying strategy to resources.) Our major strategic documents are at a higher period of alignment than at any time in recent history. As you can see these documents flow from, and support one another, ensuring that our strategy is executed in a coherent manner across the Geo-Political, Political-Military and Military-Operational landscapes. Our National Defense Strategy is meant to illustrate how the Department of Defense will carry out the President�s National Security Strategy. The National Military Strategy describes how the military will implement the NDS. (The QDR, in turn, takes these strategy documents and operationalizes them by tying strategy to resources.)

17. This slide depicts how the various strategic documents are nested and how various elements link strategic and defense guidance to operational warfighting. Each strategy document focuses on specific audiences: National Security Strategy (NSS) contains broad national objectives for the interagency to promote national unity of effort. National Defense Strategy contains broad departmental guidance to focus planning, programming and transformation. Military Strategy translates national and defense guidance into military objectives, and joint principles, concepts and capabilities for current and future joint warfighting. These elements provide the basis and context for military documents such as the CCJO, Family of Joint concepts (JOpsC) and Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan (JSCP) that further define operational warfigthing to help guide force employment, planning, programming and transformation. This slide depicts how the various strategic documents are nested and how various elements link strategic and defense guidance to operational warfighting. Each strategy document focuses on specific audiences: National Security Strategy (NSS) contains broad national objectives for the interagency to promote national unity of effort. National Defense Strategy contains broad departmental guidance to focus planning, programming and transformation. Military Strategy translates national and defense guidance into military objectives, and joint principles, concepts and capabilities for current and future joint warfighting. These elements provide the basis and context for military documents such as the CCJO, Family of Joint concepts (JOpsC) and Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan (JSCP) that further define operational warfigthing to help guide force employment, planning, programming and transformation.

18. On this slide (an example), you see a National Security Strategy Objective (Strengthen Alliances). A Defense Strategy objective (Strengthen Alliances & Partnerships) that supports it is also listed. This defense objective is accomplished by the defense activity of Assuring Allies and Partners, listed here as Assure. The NMS articulates two military objectives that support the greater NDS activity � Protect the United States and Prevent Conflict and Surprise Attack. Those military objectives are in turn supported by several military missions, such as protect strategic approaches and promote security, also articulated in the NMS. To accomplish those military missions requires execution of joint concepts (doctrine) coupled with joint capabilities (means). In this manner, you can see the linkage of strategy at the national level down to doctrine and capabilities executed in the field.On this slide (an example), you see a National Security Strategy Objective (Strengthen Alliances). A Defense Strategy objective (Strengthen Alliances & Partnerships) that supports it is also listed. This defense objective is accomplished by the defense activity of Assuring Allies and Partners, listed here as Assure. The NMS articulates two military objectives that support the greater NDS activity � Protect the United States and Prevent Conflict and Surprise Attack. Those military objectives are in turn supported by several military missions, such as protect strategic approaches and promote security, also articulated in the NMS. To accomplish those military missions requires execution of joint concepts (doctrine) coupled with joint capabilities (means). In this manner, you can see the linkage of strategy at the national level down to doctrine and capabilities executed in the field.

19. Grand Strategy The art and science of developing and employing the instruments of national power in a synchronized and integrated fashion to achieve objectives. Strategy is about how leadership can use the power available to the state to exercise control over people, places, things, and events to achieve objectives in accordance with national interests and policies. -Strategy advances and defends national interests -Strategy guides military force planning -Strategy rationalizes foreign policy Ultimately, grand strategy is designed to secure national interests and to achieve national objectives. -It provides an appropriate balance among the objectives sought, the methods used to pursue the objectives, and the resources available for the effects sought at the strategic level.-Strategy advances and defends national interests -Strategy guides military force planning -Strategy rationalizes foreign policy Ultimately, grand strategy is designed to secure national interests and to achieve national objectives. -It provides an appropriate balance among the objectives sought, the methods used to pursue the objectives, and the resources available for the effects sought at the strategic level.

20. �Future joint force commanders will not make grand strategy, but they must fully understand the ends it seeks to achieve. They will have a role in suggesting how the Joint Force might be used and the means necessary for the effective use of joint forces to protect the interests of the United States.� - Source: Joint Forces Command, The Joint Operating Environment 2010, p. 11.

21. 1986 Goldwater-Nichols Act Required the President to submit an annual national security strategy report to the Congress that includes a �comprehensive description and discussion� of: The �worldwide interests, goals and objectives� of the United States The �foreign policy, worldwide commitments, and national defense capabilities� necessary to implement the strategy The short-term and long-term uses of the political, economic, military, and other elements of national power The adequacy of U.S. capabilities to carry out the strategy

22. The National Security Strategy An accurate reflection of the rather stable nature of US foreign policy goals and values or A collection of bland, uncontroversial platitudes and obvious truisms written for domestic political purposes

23. Who is the NSS audience?

25. SECDEF in Kansas "We must focus our energies beyond the guns and steel of the military, beyond just our brave soldiers, sailors, marines and airmen," he said. �We must also focus our energies on the other elements of national power that will be so crucial in the years to come.� One priority is money, Gates said. He called for �a dramatic increase in spending on the civilian instruments of national security: diplomacy, strategic communications, foreign assistance, civic action and economic reconstruction and development.� SECDEF, Kansas State (26 Nov 2007) 25

26. 2010 NSS

27. 2010 NSS Framework -- security

28. 2010 NSS Framework -- prosperity

29. 2010 NSS Framework -- values

30. 2010 NSS Framework � international order

31. National Strategies most have them While I think all countries pursue a strategy, not all countries write a formal strategy and publish it for the world to read. Within the United States, it is a legal requirement for the President to publish a national security strategy within the first six months in office and regularly thereafter. Given the legislature�s role in providing the executive the annual budget, the National Security Strategy becomes the baseline from which to evaluate program proposals.While I think all countries pursue a strategy, not all countries write a formal strategy and publish it for the world to read. Within the United States, it is a legal requirement for the President to publish a national security strategy within the first six months in office and regularly thereafter. Given the legislature�s role in providing the executive the annual budget, the National Security Strategy becomes the baseline from which to evaluate program proposals.

33. NDS Framework

34. �Now, the reality is that conventional and strategic force modernization programs are strongly supported in the Services and in the Congress.� (Gates) Most of the IW modernization and capabilities are funded by the GWOT supplemental � SECDEF wants to formalize the funding in the base budget, but needs Congress and Services go get on board.�Now, the reality is that conventional and strategic force modernization programs are strongly supported in the Services and in the Congress.� (Gates) Most of the IW modernization and capabilities are funded by the GWOT supplemental � SECDEF wants to formalize the funding in the base budget, but needs Congress and Services go get on board.

35. Strategic Environment The US, its Allies, and partners face a variety of security challenges, including Growth of irregular challenges. Proliferation of WMD, particularly nuclear weapons. Rising military power of other states. These are long-term challenges requiring full integration of instruments of national and international power The U.S. must anticipate critical trends, including non-military ones (Cyberspace, Natural and Pandemic Disasters) Strategic shocks may occur, altering our understanding of the strategic environment

36. �The use of force plays a role, yet military efforts to capture or kill terrorists are likely to be subordinate to measures to promote local participation in government and economic programs to spur development, as well efforts to understand and address the grievances that often lie at the heart of insurgencies�for these reasons, arguably the most important military component of the struggle against violent extremists is not the fighting we do ourselves, but how well we help prepare our partners to defend and govern themselves.� 2008 NDS (p.8)

37. Is the NDS Useful?

38. NDS Criticism �This strategy is really just a set of concepts, like the 2006 QDR. Another problem is, it�s not tied to any resource plans or budgets. That makes it hard to say what it really means...it comes close to being just a collection of the conventional wisdom.�

40. 2010 QDR Defense Strategy Prevail in today�s wars (disrupt, dismantle, and defeat Al Qaeda) Prevent and deter conflict Prepare to defeat adversaries and succeed in a wide range of contingencies Preserve and enhance the all-volunteer force

41. QDR Key Missions Defend the United States and support civil authorities at home Succeed in Counterinsurgency, stability, and counterterrorism operations Build the security capacity of partner states Deter and Defeat aggression in anti-access environments Prevent proliferation and counter weapons of mass destruction Operate effectively in cyberspace

42. QDR Enhanced Capabilities Develop a joint air-sea battle concept Expand future long-range strike capabilities Exploit advantages in subsurface operations Increase the resiliency of U.S. forward posture and base infrastructure Assure access to space and the use of space assets Enhance the presence and responsiveness of U.S. forces abroad Defeat enemy sensor and engagement systems

44. Answers please, Mr. Secretary� Key Strategy / Force Planning Questions: What characteristics should the required force possess? How much is enough? What risks are associated with the force and how can we manage them?

45. Risk Force Management Risks Sustain people, equipment and infrastructure Operational Risks Ability of the force to accomplish mission Future Challenges Risks Investments to deal effectively with military challenges in the future Institutional Risks Remedying inefficient processes that jeopardize the ability to use resources efficiently -gap between desired ends and available means Force management: 1990s, pilots leave to the airlines; 2000s, IT personnel leave Operational: OIF, force size Future challenges: armor, non-lethal weapons Institutional: health care, retirement costs Strategy at any level normally lacks resources or the ability to employ resources in a manner sufficient for complete success. To mitigate risk, it�s important to understand the cascading effects of action. Articulate its character and extent. -how much can you tolerate? Where the risk is determined to be unacceptable, the strategy must be revised by either reducing the objectives, changing the concepts, or increasing the resources. -gap between desired ends and available means Force management: 1990s, pilots leave to the airlines; 2000s, IT personnel leave Operational: OIF, force size Future challenges: armor, non-lethal weapons Institutional: health care, retirement costs Strategy at any level normally lacks resources or the ability to employ resources in a manner sufficient for complete success. To mitigate risk, it�s important to understand the cascading effects of action. Articulate its character and extent. -how much can you tolerate? Where the risk is determined to be unacceptable, the strategy must be revised by either reducing the objectives, changing the concepts, or increasing the resources.

46. Levels of Strategy Grand Strategy Military Strategy Theater Strategy Service Strategy Advances specific strategic concepts

47. Importance of Theater Strategy

48. Theater Strategy Concepts and courses of action directed toward securing the objectives of national and multinational policies and strategies through the synchronized and integrated employment of military forces and other instruments of national power. JP 5-0

49. Northeast Asia Southeast Asia Oceania South Asia

50. PACOM StrategyPartnership, Readiness, and PresenceApril 2009 Mission �US PACOM protects and defends, in concert with other U.S. Government agencies, the territory of the United States, its people, and its interests. With allies and partners, U.S. Pacific Command is committed to enhancing stability in the Asia-Pacific region by promoting security cooperation, encouraging peaceful development, responding to contingencies, deterring aggression, and when necessary, fighting to win.�

51. Theater Security Cooperation Activity Examples Military contacts National assistance FID, HA/DR Combined training Combined exercises Multinational education Arms control and treaty monitoring

52. Evaluating Strategy Are the desired ends appropriate? What assumptions are made about the security environment? What are the strategic priorities? How are tools of power balanced? What are the means required? What impact will there be on resources? What are the perceived mismatches? What are the risks? What are the challenges associated with selling the strategy? Ends: democratic transformation of the ME Assumptions: democrats are more powerful than insurgents Priorities: Europe over Pacific; WH over AfricaEnds: democratic transformation of the ME Assumptions: democrats are more powerful than insurgents Priorities: Europe over Pacific; WH over Africa