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Chapter 4 Hardware and Software

Like Neil, you might go into the computer industry and then transition to some other business. If so, you'll know how the game is played," as Kelly says. However, you might not. You might become a department manager, or own your own small business, or be appointed to your law firm's technology comm

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Chapter 4 Hardware and Software

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    1. Chapter 4 Hardware and Software 1

    2. Like Neil, you might go into the computer industry and then transition to some other business. If so, you’ll know “how the game is played,” as Kelly says. However, you might not. You might become a department manager, or own your own small business, or be appointed to your law firm’s technology committee. Whatever direction your career takes, you don’t want to be one of those professionals who “waste a lot of money . . . and time.” The knowledge from this chapter can help. You don’t need to be an expert. You don’t need to be a hardware engineer or a computer programmer. You do need to know enough, however, to be an effective consumer. You need the knowledge and skills to ask important, relevant questions and understand the answers. We begin with basic hardware and software concepts. Then we will discuss how you can use your knowledge to prepare a computer budget for your department and, then we wrap up by forecasting trends in hardware and software in 2020. Chapter Preview

    3. Q1 What do business professionals need to know about computer hardware? Q2 What is the difference between a client and a server? Q3 What does a business professional need to know about software? Q4 Why are thin clients preferred to thick clients? Q5 Is open source software a viable alternative? Q6 How can you use this knowledge? Q7 2020? Study Questions 3

    5. System Concepts

    6. Four Categories of Basic Computer Components Hardware includes the electronic components that input, process, output, and store data according to instructions encoded in computer programs or software. The basic components of a computer are divided into four categories. Input hardware includes keyboards, mice, scanners, microphones, and even handwriting for a tablet PC. Processing hardware includes: central processing unit (CPU) which can be a dual-processor or a quad-processor, main memory, and special function cards are also in this category. Output hardware includes video displays, printers, audio speakers, overhead projectors, and special-purpose devices. Storage hardware includes magnetic disks, optical disks, and magnetic tape.

    7. Two Types of Storage Primary or Internal storage (memory) Secondary or External storage (memory) Is hard drive an internal storage?

    8. 8 Computer System Concepts

    9. Hardware includes electronic components and related gadgetry that input, process, output, and store data according to instructions encoded in computer programs or software. Four-Component Framework: Components of a Generic Computer

    10. How data are represented in computers?

    11. Bits vs. Bytes 1 Byte = 8 bits 1 character = 1 byte 1 kilobyte = 1024 bytes = 29 bytes 1 megabyte (MB) = 1024 K bytes 1 gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB 1 terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB

    12. Input Hardware Devices

    13. Fig 4-4 Bits are Easy to Represent Physically Computer Data: Binary Digits

    14. VIDEOS Binary Numbers (6m 3s) TED – SIX SENSE TECHNOLOGY (9m)

    15. Computer data, whether numbers, alphabetic characters, or photos, are merely a collection of bits. Sizing Computer Data

    16. First step: CPU transfers a program or data from a storage disk to main memory. Second step: CPU moves a program instruction from main memory into the CPU via the data channel, or bus. Cache memory, part of CPU, is very fast memory used to store frequently used instructions in order to speed up processing. Main memory contains operating system (OS), a program that controls computer’s resources, and blocks data and instructions. Main memory too small to hold all the program code and data needed for processing, so operating system loads programs into memory in chunks. Then, uses memory swapping to move chunks of instructions and data in and out of main memory. How Does a Computer Work?

    17. How Does a Computer Work?

    18. Managers need to match computers to employee tasks and requirements to reduce employee frustration and improve productivity. Main memory size Employees who process many programs (Word, Excel, Firefox, Access, Acrobat, and other programs) at same time, or process very large files (pictures, movies, or sound files) need lots of main memory, because too little memory will make the computer slow due to constant memory swapping. Why Does a Manager Care How a Computer Works?

    19. CPU speed (hertz) Slow personal computers have speed of 1.5 Gigahertz, fast ones have speed of 3+ Gigahertz, with dual processing (2009). CPUs classified as 32-bit or 64-bit 64-bit CPU can address more main memory. Effectively utilize more than 4 GB of memory. More expensive than 32-bit processors. Why Does a Manager Care How a Computer Works?

    20. Simple tasks, such as word processing, do not need fast CPU; a 32-bit, 1.5 Gigahertz CPU will be fine. Employee who processes large, complicated spreadsheets or manipulates large database files or edits large picture, sound, or movie files needs a fast computer like a 64-bit, dual processor with 3.5 Gigahertz or more. Cache and main memory are volatile meaning their contents are lost when power is off. Magnetic and optical disks are nonvolatile, meaning their contents survive when power is off. Why Does a Manager Care How a Computer Works?

    21. Q1 What do business professionals need to know about computer hardware? Q2 What is the difference between a client and a server? Q3 What does a business professional need to know about software? Q4 Why are thin clients preferred to thick clients? Q5 Is open source software a viable alternative? Q6 How can you use this knowledge? Q7 2020? Study Questions

    22. Computing Environment of the Typical User

    23. Database server -- a computer in a C/S environment that is responsible for running a DBMS to process SQL statements and perform database management tasks. Application server -- Software that handles all application operations between browser-based computers and a company’s back-end business applications or databases. (p.239, Laudon 5th ed.) -- It provides integration across services, such as transaction processing. (e-C by Turban)Database server -- a computer in a C/S environment that is responsible for running a DBMS to process SQL statements and perform database management tasks. Application server -- Software that handles all application operations between browser-based computers and a company’s back-end business applications or databases. (p.239, Laudon 5th ed.) -- It provides integration across services, such as transaction processing. (e-C by Turban)

    24. Web-Based Client/Server Database Architecture Network

    25. Client computers Computers used by an individual for word processing, spreadsheets, database access, and so forth. Most client computers have software that enables them to connect to a private network at work or school, or public Internet. Server computers Provide some service (such as email; serving pages on a Web site; processing large, shared databases; or other functions) to multiple users. Clients and Servers

    26. A typical server: Must be fast and have multiple CPUs Need lots of main memory, at least 4GB Require very large disks—often a terabyte or more. Because servers are almost always accessed from another computer via a network Have limited video displays, or no display at all Many have no keyboard Clients and Servers

    27. Server farm An organized collection of servers (Figure 8). Servers in a farm coordinate their activities in a sophisticated and fascinating technology dance. They receive and process hundreds, possibly thousands, of service requests per minute. In December 2005, Amazon.com processed an average of 41 order items per second for 24 hours straight. Farm servers hand off partially processed requests to each other while keeping track of the current status of each request. They can pick up the pieces when a computer in the farm fails. All of this is done in the blink of an eye. Clients and Servers

    28. Figure 4-8 A Server Farm

    29. Grid computing A network of computers that operates as an integrated whole; the grid appears to be a single computer. It may support a server farm, or some other computing need. Organizations lease time on a grid from other organizations that create, support, and manage that grid. For example, IBM leases time on a grid for applications that require intensive arithmetic computing. Also leases time on a special-purpose grid to archive medical records. (See www-03.ibm.com/grid.) Grids

    30. Cloud computing Refers to a computing network on the Internet When you access a video from a site like Facebook, you are accessing computing services in the cloud. You don’t know which server is processing your Facebook requests or which server is playing the video. You just know that somewhere in the cloud one or more servers are causing the video to be downloaded to your computer. Clouds

    31. 31 Cloud Service Web Email Online virus detection YouTube Online Doc Blogging …

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    39. 39 SIDITA gives a BRIEF overview (prior to video) -- “CLOUD" is used as a metaphor for the Internet. Major cloud service providers include Microsoft, Salesforce, Amazon, and Google. -- Frequently takes the form of web-based tools or applications that users can access and use through a web browser as if it were a program installed locally on their own computer. (SaaS) Common business applications often include data stored on external servers (IaaS). A key element of cloud computing is customization and the creation of a user-defined experience (PaaS). SHOW VIDEO… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ae_DKNwK_ms&feature=related SIDITA gives a BRIEF overview (prior to video) -- “CLOUD" is used as a metaphor for the Internet. Major cloud service providers include Microsoft, Salesforce, Amazon, and Google. -- Frequently takes the form of web-based tools or applications that users can access and use through a web browser as if it were a program installed locally on their own computer. (SaaS) Common business applications often include data stored on external servers (IaaS). A key element of cloud computing is customization and the creation of a user-defined experience (PaaS). SHOW VIDEO… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ae_DKNwK_ms&feature=related

    40. Q1 What do business professionals need to know about computer hardware? Q2 What is the difference between a client and a server? Q3 What does a business professional need to know about software? Q4 Why are thin clients preferred to thick clients? Q5 Is open source software a viable alternative? Q6 How can you use this knowledge? Q7 2020? Study Questions

    41. There are two types of computer software. Operating system software controls computer resources. It’s hardware specific and includes a specific instruction set based on the computer’s processor. Windows XP is an example. Application program software helps users accomplish tasks like word processing or database management. Programs such as Microsoft Word or Excel examples.

    42. A particular version of an operating system is written for a particular type of hardware. For example, Microsoft Windows works only on processors from Intel and companies that make processors that conform to the Intel instruction set (the commands that a CPU can process). 32-bit version of Windows run only on Intel computers with 32-bit CPUs and the 64-bit version of Windows runs only on Intel computers with 64-bit CPUs. Linux has different versions for different instructions sets and for both 32- and 64-bit computers. Important Software Constraints

    43. Application programs are written to use a particular operating system. Microsoft Access runs only on Windows operating systems. Some applications come in multiple versions. Windows and Macintosh versions of Microsoft Word. Unless informed otherwise, assume that a particular application runs on just one operating system. Important Software Constraints

    44. Fig 4-10: What a manager needs to know about software There are four major types of operating system software: Mac, Linux, Unix, and Windows. Each one uses a specific instruction set, has common applications, and is targeted towards a typical user.

    45. Microsoft Windows Most important operating system for business users Some version of Windows resides on more than 85 percent of world’s desktops, and 95 percent of business users’ computers. Different versions of Windows Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP run on user computers. Windows Server is a version of Windows designed for servers. Windows runs the Intel instruction set on both 32- and 64-bit computers. Windows

    46. Operating system for the Apple Macintosh computers Current version is Mac OS X Macintosh computers are used primarily by graphic artists and workers in the arts community. Originally designed to run on Motorola CPUs In 1994, Mac OS switched to IBM’s PowerPC processors. As of 2006, Macintosh computers are available for both PowerPC and Intel CPUs. A Macintosh with an Intel processor is able to run both Windows and the Mac OS. Apple has led the way in developing easy-to-use interfaces. Mac OS

    47. Operating system developed at Bell Labs in 1970s Workhorse of scientific and engineering communities since Generally regarded as being more difficult to use than either Windows or the Macintosh, because of its arcane language for manipulating files and data. However, most Unix users become fanatic supporters of the system once they learn it. Sun Microsystems and other vendors of computers for scientific and engineering applications are major proponents of Unix. In general, Unix is not for business users. Unix

    48. A version of Unix by the open-source community, a loosely coupled group of programmers who volunteer their time to contribute code to develop and maintain Linux. Open-source community owns Linux, and there is no fee to use it. Linux can run on client computers, but it is most frequently used for servers, particularly Web servers. IBM is primary proponent of Linux. Although IBM does not own Linux. IBM has developed many business systems solutions that use Linux. By using Linux, IBM does not have to pay a license fee to Microsoft or another OS vendor Linux

    49. License (means to give permission) Right to use a program, but not own it Site license Authorizes a user or company to install a software product (operating system or application) on all company computers or at a specific site for a negotiated flat fee Own vs. License

    50. (Tutorial Video) Application software Performs a service or function Some are general purpose, such as Microsoft Excel or Word Others provide specific functions, such as QuickBooks which provides general ledger and other accounting functions What Types of Applications Exist, and How Do Organizations Obtain Them?

    51. Horizontal-market application software Provides capabilities common across all organizations and industries. Word processors, graphics programs, spreadsheets, and presentation programs are all horizontal-market application software. Examples: Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint; Adobe Acrobat, Photoshop, and PageMaker; Jasc Corporation’s Paint Shop Pro. Used in a wide variety of businesses, across all industries Purchased off-the-shelf, and little customization of features is necessary (or possible) What Categories of Application Programs Exist?

    52. Vertical-market application software Serves needs of a specific industry Examples: Programs used by dental offices to schedule appointments and bill patients; auto mechanics to keep track of customer data and customers’ automobile repairs; and programs used by parts warehouses to track inventory, purchases, and sales Vertical applications Usually can be altered or customized. Typically, the company that sold the application software will provide such services or offer referrals to qualified consultants who can provide this service. One-of-a-kind application software Developed for a specific, unique need What Categories of Application Programs Exist?

    53. Off-the-shelf-software Off-the-shelf with alterations software Tailor-made software or custom-developed software Organizations develop custom application software themselves or hire a development vendor. Custom development is difficult and risky. Staffing and managing teams of software developers is challenging. Managing software projects can be daunting. Many organizations have embarked on application development projects only to find that the projects take twice as long—or longer—to finish as planned. Cost overruns of 200 and 300 percent are not uncommon. Only used when there is no other option How Do Organizations Acquire Application Software? 

    54. Figure 4-11 Summary of Software Sources and Types

    55. Firmware Computer software that is installed into devices such as printers, print servers, and various types of communication devices. Coded just like other software, but it is installed into special, read-only memory of the printer or other device, so program becomes part of device’s memory. Users do not need to load firmware into the device’s memory. Can be changed or upgraded, but this is normally a task for IS professionals. Task is easy, but it requires knowledge of special programs and techniques that most business users choose not to learn. Firmware

    56. Q1 What do business professionals need to know about computer hardware? Q2 What is the difference between a client and a server? Q3 What does a business professional need to know about software? Q4 Why are thin clients preferred to thick clients? Q5 Is open source software a viable alternative? Q6 How can you use this knowledge? Q7 2020? Study Questions

    57. Client and Server Computers Can Run Different Operating Systems

    58. Client-server applications require software code on both client computer and server computer. Difference between a thin client and a thick client is determined by amount of software required on client computer. Thin clients only require a browser, like Internet Explorer. Accessing a Web site is an example of a thin client application. A thin client program is preferable because it doesn’t require extra software. Thick clients require software programs in addition to a browser. Using Mozilla Thunderbird email is an example of a thick client application. Thick client software usually provides more features and functions. Client-Server Applications

    59. Q1 What do business professionals need to know about computer hardware? Q2 What is the difference between a client and a server? Q3 What does a business professional need to know about software? Q4 Why are thin clients preferred to thick clients? Q5 Is open source software a viable alternative? Q6 How can you use this knowledge? Q7 2020? Study Questions

    60. GNU (Gnu Not Unix) GNU General Public License (GPL) Agreement One of the standard license agreements for open source software Successful open source projects OpenOffice (a Microsoft Office look-alike) FireFox (a browser) MySQL (a DBMS, see Chapter 5) Apache (a Web server…see Chapter 8) Ubuntu (a Windows-like desktop operating system) Android (a mobile-phone operating system) Open Source Movement and Process

    61. Contributing to creating open source is great fun! Freedom to choose the projects they work on Exercise their creativity while working on projects they find interesting and fulfilling Exhibit ones skill, both for pride, as well as to find a job or consulting employment To start a business selling services to support an open source product Why Do Programmers Volunteer Their Services?

    62. Open source means that the source code of the program is available to the public. Source code is computer code as written by humans and that is understandable by humans Anyone can obtain source code from an open source project’s Web site. Programmers alter or add to this code depending on their interests and goals Machine code Transformed source code into machine executable program code of 0 and 1 bits 1101001010010111111001110111100100011100000111111011101111100111… Not understandable by humans and cannot be modified How Does Open Source Work?

    63. Source Code Sample

    64. Closed source software Highly protected and only available to trusted employees and carefully vetted contractors Source code is protected like gold in a vault. Only those trusted programmers can make changes to a closed source project. How Does Open Source Work?

    65. Q1 What do business professionals need to know about computer hardware? Q2 What is the difference between a client and a server? Q3 What does a business professional need to know about software? Q4 Why are thin clients preferred to thick clients? Q5 Is open source software a viable alternative? Q6 How can you use this knowledge? Q7 2020? Study Questions

    66. Most business professionals have some role in the specification of the client hardware and software they use. Business managers play a role in the specification of client hardware and software for employees whom they manage. The particular role depends on the policy of the manager’s organization. Large organizations will have an IS department that is likely to set formal standards for client hardware and software. In medium to small organizations, policies are often less formal, and managers will need to take an active role in setting specifications for their own and their employees’ computers. What Buying Decisions Do You Make?

    67. Major Criteria for Selecting Hardware and Software

    68. How can you use this knowledge? Fig 4-15 Business Mgr’s Role in Hardware & Software Specifications

    69. Usually standardize on a single client operating system because costs of supporting more than one are unjustifiable. Most choose Microsoft Windows clients. Some arts and design businesses standardize on the Macintosh, and some engineering firms standardize on Unix. Organizations that have limited budgets might choose to use Linux with Ubuntu and Open Office on clients, but this is rare. Medium to Small Organizations

    70. Specifying horizontal application software, such as Microsoft Office, or other software appropriate for their operating systems Specifying requirements for vertical market or custom applications Typically no role in specification of server hardware, other than approving budget Business manager and clients (users) of a client-server application specify the requirements for vertical and custom-server software. Work with technical personnel to test and accept that software Role of Managers and Employees

    71. How can you use this knowledge? Here’s the process you should use to create a computer budget for your department or business. First you need to establish your base requirements by Assessing the type of work your employees perform and categorizing each job. Determining the computer workload requirements for each category. Then, deciding what your hardware and software requirements are for each category of worker.

    72. Q7 – How can you use this knowledge? Once you’ve established your base requirements you need to forecast changes in Employees Workload department task assignments Upgrade requirements Using your base requirements and change forecasts, you can prepare a budget that includes hardware and software prices based on organizational requirements and practices. Don’t forget potential overhead fees for networks, servers, and communication equipment. Assess your proposed budget for feasibility and reasonability according to your organization’s competitive strategy. You may have to prepare justifications for your budget decisions. The last step is to document the results of your efforts for later use.

    73. What Process Should I Use to Establish a Computer Budget?

    74. Determine categories of workers and software needed to access company Web portal, email, minimal word processing Identify specialists and their hardware and software needs Determine computer workload requirements for each category of workers and managers Managers need to be able to perform the same work as specialists, plus process large spreadsheets for preparing budgets, and access the company’s payroll and human resources systems. Use previous experience as a guide What Process Should I Use to Establish a Computer Budget?

    75. Forecast changes Price hardware and software Negotiate prices (usually IT does this) Add overhead costs to budget for networks, servers, and communications Accounting department can help with cost estimates Assess budget for feasibility and reasonableness Consider your organization’s competitive strategy Prepare justifications for any increases What Process Should I Use to Establish a Computer Budget?

    76. Reasons you may need more equipment Substantial change in your departmental head count Important new departmental functions or responsibilities Upgrading to major new versions of operating system or other software Implementation of new systems that require additional hardware Change in the way overhead expenses are allocated to your department What Process Should I Use to Establish a Computer Budget?

    77. Review and revise budget Consider refurbished equipment Delay upgrades to new operating system Reallocate hardware among employees Document results Keep spreadsheet and notes used to prepare and justify budget What Process Should I Use to Establish a Computer Budget?

    78. Q1 What do business professionals need to know about computer hardware? Q2 What is the difference between a client and a server? Q3 What does a business professional need to know about software? Q4 Why are thin clients preferred to thick clients? Q5 Is open source software a viable alternative? Q6 How can you use this knowledge? Q7 2020? Study Questions

    79. Impact of open source on the software industry hard to predict How will Microsoft respond to threats to its closed source software? Could Microsoft become a service company selling software on large servers as a service? In one form of this model, customers would pay a few pennies every time they use Word or Excel. Companies like Amazon, Oracle, and recently Microsoft, have developed large server farms for leasing computing time and storage space. Such facilities are part of computing cloud. Possible Responses to the Threat of Open Source

    80. Maybe Microsoft will move Windows and Office into its cloud and require organizations to license both the hardware and software from it. These changes, risks, and dangers are good for you. Create many opportunities for individuals versed in technology to guide their companies around the technology pitfalls and into legitimate opportunities. Possible Responses to the Threat of Open Source

    81. From Data to Knowledge: How Can Organization Gain Competitive Advantage? (Survive and Prosper in the Digital Economy) Data, Information, Knowledge Although it might take a decade just to define all three words, we all all agree that the transformation of data for clearer and more meaningful information to users is important. Structuring and managing knowledge assets in an organiation are also critical for all organizations. Data manufacturing systems and Information manufacturing systems.Data, Information, Knowledge Although it might take a decade just to define all three words, we all all agree that the transformation of data for clearer and more meaningful information to users is important. Structuring and managing knowledge assets in an organiation are also critical for all organizations. Data manufacturing systems and Information manufacturing systems.

    82. End of Chapter4

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